Predation of a bearded saki (&lt;i&gt;Chiropotes utahicki&lt;/i&gt;) by a harpy eagle (&lt;i&gt;Harpia harpyja&lt;/i&gt;)

Martins, Simone de Souza; Lima, Eldianne Moreira de; Silva, José de Sousa e

doi:10.1896/1413-4705.13.1.7

Cited by 29 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Weighing only 1,770 g on average (range 1,300-3,000 g), saki monkeys have a wide array of known and potential predators (Gleason & Norconk, 2002;Norconk, 2007). The study region is home to over 40 raptor species, including several species known to prey on sakis such as crested eagles (Morphnus guianensis), harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja), and black-and-white hawk-eagles (Spizaetus melanoleucus) (Adams & Williams, 2017;Aguiar-Silva, Sanaiotti, & Luz, 2014;Barnett et al, 2011;Gilbert, 2000;Martins, Lima, & Silva, 2005;Peres, 1990;Rettig, 1978). In addition, several carnivore species known to hunt primates, and thus capable of preying on adult or infant sakis, are found at the site (e.g., Puma concolor: Matsuda & Izawa, 2008;Panthera onca: Peetz, Norconk, & Kinzey, 1992; Leopardus pardalis: Bianchi & Mendes, 2007;Leopardus wiedii: Mondolfi, 1986;Puma yaguaroundi: Ximenes, 1982; Eira barbara: Bezerra, Barnett, Souto, & Jones, 2009).…”

Section: Predatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model vs. playback experiments: The impact of sensory mode on predator‐specific escape responses in saki monkeys

Adams

Kitchen

2020

Ethology

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Although experimentally simulating predator presence helps improve sample sizes in studies of free‐ranging animals, few studies have examined whether auditory playbacks and visual models produce similar results. Additionally, it is unclear if anti‐predator strategies are specific to predator hunting styles in understudied Neotropical pitheciid primates, limiting what we can generalize about this phenomenon across this taxonomic order. We conducted predator simulation experiments to assess whether wild Rylands' bald‐faced saki monkeys (Pithecia rylandsi) recognize predators based solely on acoustic cues, exhibit predator‐specific responses to different predator types, and vary responses to presentations in different sensory modes. In our playback experiments, sakis had weak responses to non‐predator control vocalizations compared to jaguar growls and harpy eagle shrieks. In most predator playbacks, subjects' first glance corresponded to the direction from which simulated predators would typically attack (above vs. below). However, although sakis exhibited appropriate movement responses to harpy playbacks (i.e., descending canopy), they exhibited no clear movement patterns when presented with jaguar playbacks. In contrast, jaguar model experiments consistently elicited fast approaches, mobbing‐style responses, and long alarm calling bouts. Thus, if we had relied on playbacks alone, we might have concluded that sakis have only generalized responses to terrestrial ambush predators. In fact, in all variables measured (e.g., latency, number of calls, and response duration), models of both predator species elicited stronger reactions than playbacks. Results indicate that bald‐faced sakis can identify predators based solely on vocalizations, but do not exhibit predator‐specific escape responses to terrestrial predators based on acoustic cues alone. The differential response to playbacks and models calls into question the reliability of using acoustic‐only stimuli to assess the specificity of anti‐predator behavior to predator hunting styles in some primate species.

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Section: Predatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model vs. playback experiments: The impact of sensory mode on predator‐specific escape responses in saki monkeys

Adams

Kitchen

2020

Ethology

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“…In addition, individual traits may also influence alarm calling and defensive responses to predators, as well as vigilance levels (Baldellou & Henzi, ; Bolt, Sauther, Cuozzo, & Jacky, ; Cheney & Seyfarth, ; Gould, Fedigan, & Rose, ; Gould & Sauther, ; van Schaik & van Noordwijk, ; Wheeler, ). Vigilence, alarm calling, attack, concealment, and flight as responses by primate species have been recorded for a variety of known predators (constricting snakes: Heymann, ; Cisneros‐Heredia, León‐Reyes, & Seger, ; Perry, Manson, Dower, & Wikberg, ; Quintino & Bicca‐Marques, ; vipers: Ferrari & Beltrao‐Mendes, ; Foerster, ; large eagles: Barnett et al., , ; Oversluijs Vasquez & Heymann, ; Shultz, ; de Souza Martins, de Lima, & de Sousa e Silva, ; small felids: Bianchi & Mendes, ; large felids: Matsuda & Izawa, ; Peetz, Norconk, & Kinzey, ), but primates will also react to other species that look like these predators, but do not belong to the predators’ taxonomic groups (e.g., coati, iguana, otters, storks, toucans, vultures: Mourthé & Barnett, ). Other prey taxa (e.g., California ground squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi , Leger, Owings, & Gelfand, ; superb starlings, Spreo superbus , that associate with vervet monkeys, Seyfarth & Cheney, ) exhibit similar responses to non‐predators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Honest error, precaution or alertness advertisement? Reactions to vertebrate pseudopredators in red‐nosed cuxiús (Chiropotes albinasus),a high‐canopy neotropical primate

et al. 2018

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Predation on primates is considered to have far‐reaching effects on the foraging and social ecology of a species. Primate species display a variety of responses to predator proximity and attack, ranging from active physical defense and mobbing, to flight and concealment. Warning calls are often given, and potentially threatening animals may be tracked, either actively or with head movements. Such behaviors take time that could be used for other activities. Accordingly, there should be strong selection to respond only to those species that represent a genuine threat. However, primates give defense‐based behaviors to non‐predator species. We tested the hypotheses that responses to pseudopredators are (i) precautionary calls made by individuals following the Dinner/Life Principle, or (ii) represent the ontogeny of species recognition. Of the species that ellicted a response from the cuxiús, 80% resembled a primate predator; 95% of the encounters that elicited a response from the cuxiús occurred when the distance between the pseudopredator and cuxiús was ≤20 m. In regard to the frequency of responses to pseudopredators, we found no difference between adults and juveniles (47.6% and 52.4%, respectively) and no differences between adult males and adult females (60% and 40% of the responses, respectively). However, reactions to pseudopredators were of shorter duration (truexfalse¯ ± standard error (SE): 42.2 ± 15.9 s) than were reactions to actual predator species (truexfalse¯ ± SE: 1,024.3 ± 329.1 s). There were only three instances where alarm calls were made to species that did not resemble predators, and 66.7% (N = 2) were made by adult cuxiús and only 33.3% (N = 1) were made by a juvenile cuxiú. Therefore, we found partial support for the Dinner/Life Principle hypothesis, but no support for the ontogeny hypothesis. Examination of such responses to pseudopredators in other primate and non‐primate species may help understand the evolution of such behaviors.

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“…Perforations in the orbits are also common in the primate crania analyzed. Both crowned eagles and harpy eagles inflict damage to the brain of their victims by perforating the cranium with their talons (Cavalcante et al, 2019; Gilbert et al, 2009; Sanders et al, 2003; de Souza Martins et al, 2005). However, crania tend to show a higher survivability in crowned eagle kill assemblages, which may be explained by the more powerful talons of harpy eagles, which inflict more pressure and consequently cause more fragmentation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taphonomy of harpy eagle predation on primates and other mammals

Garbino,

Semedo,

Miranda

2023

American J Primatol

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The goal of this study is to provide a taphonomic analysis of bone fragments found in harpy eagle nests in the Brazilian Amazonia, utilizing the largest sample of prey remains collected to date. Harpy eagle kill samples were collected from nine nests, between June 2016 and December 2020 in Mato Grosso, Brazil. We identified the specimens, calculated the number of identified specimens (NISP) and minimum number of individuals (MNI). These metrics were used to estimate bone survivability and fragmentation. A total of 1661 specimens (NISP) were collected, representing a minimum number of 234 individuals (MNI). We identified at least nine species of primates, which represent 63.8% of the individuals in the kill sample. Harpy eagles preyed mostly on the medium‐sized capuchin and bearded saki monkeys (28.2% of the MNI), and two‐toed sloths (17.7% of the MNI). The large woolly monkeys also represented a significant portion of the sample (11.5% of the MNI). Three distinct patterns of bone survivability were found, one characterizing two‐toed sloths, another characterizing medium‐sized monkeys, and a third typical of woolly monkeys. We conclude that harpy eagle predation leaves an identifiable signature on the prey with a bone survivability pattern specific to each taxon. The intertaxon variations observed in the taphonomic signatures of harpy eagle kills should be taken into account when evaluating the potential influence of these raptors as accumulators of bone material in both paleontological and neontological assemblages.

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Predation of a bearded saki (<i>Chiropotes utahicki</i>) by a harpy eagle (<i>Harpia harpyja</i>)

Abstract: BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

Cited by 29 publications

References 15 publications

Model vs. playback experiments: The impact of sensory mode on predator‐specific escape responses in saki monkeys

Model vs. playback experiments: The impact of sensory mode on predator‐specific escape responses in saki monkeys

Honest error, precaution or alertness advertisement? Reactions to vertebrate pseudopredators in red‐nosed cuxiús (Chiropotes albinasus),a high‐canopy neotropical primate

Taphonomy of harpy eagle predation on primates and other mammals

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