Preconscious Awareness

García‐Rill, Edgar

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801385-4.00010-0

Cited by 2 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The finding that these brainstem regions generate and maintain firing at such frequencies is surprising given that gamma band activity was first described in the cortex and associated with such complex processes as consciousness, learning, and memory [ 3 ]. Notwithstanding, gamma band activity in the RAS is putatively linked with the process of preconscious awareness and the provision of information that is essential for the formulation of many of our actions and sensations [ 4 , 5 ]. Given its central import, it is no wonder that RAS dysregulation is implicated in many neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedunculopontine Gamma Band Activity and Development

et al. 2015

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This review highlights the most important discovery in the reticular activating system in the last 10 years, the manifestation of gamma band activity in cells of the reticular activating system (RAS), especially in the pedunculopontine nucleus, which is in charge of waking and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The identification of different cell groups manifesting P/Q-type Ca2+ channels that control waking vs. those that manifest N-type channels that control REM sleep provides novel avenues for the differential control of waking vs. REM sleep. Recent discoveries on the development of this system can help explain the developmental decrease in REM sleep and the basic rest-activity cycle.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedunculopontine Gamma Band Activity and Development

et al. 2015

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“…The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is most active during waking and REM sleep (Garcia-Rill 2015). The PPN is the arm of the RAS that modulates ascending projections through the thalamus (modulating arousal) and descending projections through the pons and medulla (modulating posture and locomotion) (Garcia-Rill 2015), and is composed of different populations of cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons (Wang and Morales, 2009). Extracellular recordings of PPN neurons in vivo identified six categories of thalamic projecting PPN cells distinguished by their firing properties relative to ponto-geniculo-occipital wave generation (Steriade et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of recent publications have described the mechanisms behind gamma band activity in the PPN (Garcia-Rill et al 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016; Kezunovic et al, 2011; Urbano et al 2014), and will not be reiterated. Briefly, these oscillations are mediated by voltage-dependent, high threshold N- and P/Q-type calcium channels that are present in every PPN neuron, regardless of cell or transmitter type.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of our thoughts and actions are driven by preconscious processes. We speculate that continuous sensory input will induce gamma band activity in the PPN that is relayed to the Pf to participate in the processes of preconscious awareness, and provide the essential stream of information for the formulation of many of our actions (Garcia-Rill et al 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016; Urbano et al 2014). Figure 1 shows a wiring diagram of the projections and mechanisms described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Without the intrinsic properties afforded by rapidly oscillating channels, such as those described recently for the PPN and Pf, beta/gamma band activity could not be maintained. The combination of channels capable of fast oscillations and of circuitry that involves activating these channels probably are both required for the maintenance of gamma band activity (Garcia-Rill 2015; Garcia-Rill et al 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016; Llinas, 1988; Llinas et al, 1991; Kezunovic et al, 2011). The PPN and Pf, in which every cell manifests gamma band activity, then becomes a gamma-making machine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bottom-up gamma: the pedunculopontine nucleus and reticular activating system

García‐Rill

D’Onofrio

Mahaffey

2017

Transl Brain Rhythmicity

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Gamma rhythms have been proposed to promote the feed forward or “bottom-up” flow of information from lower to higher regions in the brain during perception. On the other hand, beta rhythms have been proposed to represent feed back or “top-down” influence from higher regions to lower. The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been implicated in sleep-wake control and arousal, and is part of the reticular activating system (RAS). This review describes the properties of the cells in this nucleus. These properties are unique, and perhaps it is the particular characteristics of these cells that allow the PPN to be involved in a host of functions and disorders. The fact that all PPN neurons fire maximally at gamma band frequency regardless of electrophysiological or transmitter type, make this an unusual cell group. In other regions, for example in the cortex, cells with such a property represent only a sub-population. More importantly, the fact that this cell group’s functions are related to the capacity to generate coherent activity at a preferred natural frequency, gamma band, speaks volumes about how the PPN functions. We propose that “bottom-up” gamma band influence arises in the RAS and contributes to the build-up of the background of activity necessary for preconscious awareness and gamma activity at cortical levels.

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Preconscious Awareness

Cited by 2 publications

References 62 publications

Pedunculopontine Gamma Band Activity and Development

Pedunculopontine Gamma Band Activity and Development

Bottom-up gamma: the pedunculopontine nucleus and reticular activating system

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