“…Such stimulatory responses reflect either a direct stimulation or an overcompensatory effect, and occur independently of biological model, cell type, inducing agent, and mechanism (Calabrese, 2011, ). Hormetic effects are currently being ever more considered for biomedically therapeutic applications (Calabrese, ) in that these responses appear to be involved in a number of developmental, maturational, and aging processes (Calabrese et al, ; Segev‐Amzaleg, Trudler, & Frenkel, ), and may subserve a spectrum of activities in neural systems, including protection against and/or recovery from certain neurodegenerative diseases, and/or injury (Calabrese, ). The iterative recognition of hormesis has occurred in large part because traditional dose–response constructs, such as the threshold model, have not been able to satisfactorily and/or fully account for nonrandom biological activity below well‐established thresholds of response.…”