Preconcentration and determination of five antidepressants from human milk and urine samples by stir bar filled magnetic ionic liquids using liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction‐high‐performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

A sensitive and straightforward liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction method was developed to preconcentrate and cleanup antidepressants, including mirtazapine, venlafaxine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, and fluvoxamine, from biological samples before analyzing with high-performance liquid chromatography. The essential novelty of this study is using magnetic ionic liquids as the extraction phase in the lumen of hollow fiber and preparing a liquid magnetic stir bar. In this method, polypropylene hollow fiber was utilized as the permeable membrane for the analyte extraction. Six magnetic ionic liquids consisting of the transition metal and rare earth compounds were synthesized and then hollow fiber lumen was injected as acceptor phase to extract the antidepressants. Besides, 3-pentanol as a water-immiscible solvent was impregnated in the hollow fiber wall pores. The effective factors in the method were optimized with the central composition design. The resultant calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.8-400.0 ng mL −1 (R 2 ≥ 0.996). The method displayed the proper detection limit (0.11-0.24 ng mL −1 ), the reasonable limit of quantification (≤0.79 ng mL −1 ), wide linear ranges, high preconcentration factors (≥294.3), and suitable relative standard deviation (2.31-5.47%) for measuring antidepressant medications. Analysis of human milk and urine samples showed acceptable recoveries of 96.5-103.8% with excellent relative standard deviations lower than 5.95%.

Development of microextraction methods for the determination of sulfamethoxazole in water and biological samples: modelling, optimization and verification by central composite design

“…Therefore, it is essential to detect the pollutants in water and wastewater using an inexpensive, high-performance, and reliable system (Qu et al, 2013). Consequently, various methods such as densitometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), colorimetry, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry (MS) have been applied to quantify antibiotics in waterbodies (Choi et al, 2015;Mondal et al, 2019;Taghizadeh et al, 2022;Khoubnasabjafari et al, 2023).…”