Preclinical models to investigate retinal ischemia: advances and drawbacks

Minhas, Gillipsie; Morishita, Ryuichi; Anand, Akshay

doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00075

Cited by 48 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Retinal ischemia is a common clinical entity and, due to relatively ineffective treatment, remains a common cause of visual impairment and blindness [9-11]. Indeed, ischemia in the retina and optic nerve is assumed to be involved in the pathogenesis of major vision-threatening diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma.…”

Section: Ischemic Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Neuropeptide Systems and their Potential Role in the Treatment of Mammalian Retinal Ischemia: A Developing Story

Cervia¹,

Casini²

2013

Current Neuropharmacology

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The multiplicity of peptidergic receptors and of the transduction pathways they activate offers the possibility of important advances in the development of specific drugs for clinical treatment of central nervous system disorders. Among them, retinal ischemia is a common clinical entity and, due to relatively ineffective treatment, remains a common cause of visual impairment and blindness. Ischemia is a primary cause of neuronal death, and it can be considered as a sort of final common pathway in retinal diseases leading to irreversible morphological damage and vision loss. Neuropeptides and their receptors are widely expressed in mammalian retinas, where they exert multifaceted functions both during development and in the mature animal. In particular, in recent years somatostatin and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide have been reported to be highly protective against retinal cell death caused by ischemia, while data on opioid peptides, angiotensin II, and other peptides have also been published. This review provides a rationale for harnessing the peptidergic receptors as a potential target against retinal neuronal damages which occur during ischemic retinopathies.

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Section: Ischemic Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, as the retina can be studied non-invasively, the investigations on retinal ischemia may lead to a better understanding of cerebral ischemia [11]. Of importance, ischemia is also the driving force for new vessel formation in the retina.…”

Section: Ischemic Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neuropeptide Systems and their Potential Role in the Treatment of Mammalian Retinal Ischemia: A Developing Story

Cervia¹,

Casini²

2013

Current Neuropharmacology

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“…An immediately limiting factor to potential model suitability is the structure of the retinal vasculature in various species. While higher primates share virtually identical retinal vascular patterns with humans, financial and ethical considerations prohibit their widespread use [11] . More commonly seen are small rodent models, and of these the rat is the most similar to humans.…”

Section: Animal Models Of Retinal Ischemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

What can we learn about stroke from retinal ischemia models?

D'Onofrio

Koeberle

2012

Acta Pharmacol Sin

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Retinal ischemia is a very useful model to study the impact of various cell death pathways, such as apoptosis and necrosis, in the ischemic retina. However, it is important to note that the retina is formed as an outpouching of the diencephalon and is part of the central nervous system. As such, the cell death pathways initiated in response to ischemic damage in the retina reflect those found in other areas of the central nervous system undergoing similar trauma. The retina is also more accessible than other areas of the central nervous system, thus making it a simpler model to work with and study. By utilizing the retinal model, we can greatly increase our knowledge of the cell death processes initiated by ischemia which lead to degeneration in the central nervous system. This paper examines work that has been done so far to characterize various aspects of cell death in the retinal ischemia model, such as various pathways which are activated, and the role neurotrophic factors, and discusses how these are relevant to the treatment of ischemic damage in both the retina and the greater central nervous system.

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“…Spontaneous, genetically modified, virus-induced, transgenic antigen-specific and chemically induced models have been used for many years (reviewed in Minhas et al 44 and Robinson et al 45 ). Extensive studies of the retinal pathology have also been performed.…”

Section: Diabetic Retinopathymentioning

confidence: 99%