Preclinical models and evaluation criteria of prostatitis

Abstract

Prostatitis is a common urological condition that affects almost half of all men at some point in their life. The prostate gland has a dense nerve supply that contributes to the production of fluid to nourish sperm and the mechanism to switch between urination and ejaculation. Prostatitis can cause frequent urination, pelvic pain, and even infertility. Long-term prostatitis increases the risk of prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia. Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis presents a complex pathogenesis, which has challenged medical research. Experimental studies of prostatitis require appropriate preclinical models. This review aimed to summarize and compare preclinical models of prostatitis based on their methods, success rate, evaluation, and range of application. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of prostatitis and advance basic research.

Network pharmacology and in vivo experiment-based strategy for investigating the mechanism of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in QianLieJinDan tablets

“…Following 4 weeks of QLJD treatment, the prostate organ index of CP model rats was significantly reduced, suggesting that QLJD may mitigate prostatic congestion and edema induced by CP/CPPS. Consistent with previous findings, the pathological results of this study showed that the prostatic interstitial tissue of CP/CPPS rats had significant edema accompanied by a large number of inflammatory cell infiltrations and a low level of inflammatory cells in the glandular lumen [ 1 , 30 ], and these pathological changes were improved to varying degrees after treatment with QLJD. This suggests that QLJD can effectively alleviate the inflammatory response in rat prostate tissue.…”

“…Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common urinary system disease that is prone to recurrence. The main clinical symptoms of CP/CPPS are pelvic pain and discomfort (including in pelvic areas such as the perineum, suprapubic area, inguinal area, testicles or penis), varying degrees of urination, and sexual dysfunction; in some patients, there is even a tendency toward anxiety and depression, which seriously affects quality of life and physical and psychological well-being [ 1 , 2 ]. Epidemiologic surveys have shown that the symptomatic prevalence of CP/CPPS in China is 8.4 % [ 3 ].…”

The Protective Effects of Bushen Daozhuo Granule on Chronic Non-bacterial Prostatitis

“…Prostatitis refers to varying degrees of pathological changes in prostate tissues induced by pathogens or some non-infectious factors, which is a kind of disorder with characteristics of discomfort or even pain in the pelvic area as well as abnormal urination in the clinic ( He, Luo et al, 2023 ). According to the standardized classification approach proposed by World Health Organization, the Meares-Stamey 4-glass test, prostatitis is divided into four kinds based on the difference in the number of leukocytes and the kind of bacterium in voided bladder one, voided bladder two, voided bladder three, and expressed prostatic secretion, including acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP), and prostatodynia ( Drach, Fair et al, 1978 ).…”