Precise spatio‐temporal regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway leads to petal spot formation in <i>Clarkia gracilis</i> (Onagraceae)

Martins, Talline R.; Berg, Jeremy M.; Blinka, Steven; Rausher, Mark D.; Baum, David A.

doi:10.1111/nph.12062

Cited by 76 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…CgMyb1 is expressed at equal levels in the two spots. The spot‐specific pattern of expression is similar to that of CgDfr2 (Martins et al ., ), suggesting that CgMyb1 may activate CgDfr2 and CgAns , as well as other anthocyanin enzyme‐coding genes, to produce spots.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How petals change their spots: cis‐regulatory re‐wiring in Clarkia (Onagraceae)

2016

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A long-standing question in evolutionary developmental biology is how new traits evolve. Although most floral pigmentation studies have focused on how pigment intensity and composition diversify, few, if any, have explored how a pattern element can shift position. In the present study, we examine the genetic changes underlying shifts in the position of petal spots in Clarkia. Comparative transcriptome analyses were used to identify potential candidate genes responsible for spot formation. Co-segregation analyses in F individuals segregating for different spot positions, quantitative PCR, and pyrosequencing, were used to confirm the role of the candidate gene in determining spot position. Transient expression assays were used to identify the expression domain of different alleles. An R2R3Myb transcription factor (CgMyb1) activated spot formation, and different alleles of CgMyb1 were expressed in different domains, leading to spot formation in different petal locations. Reporter assays revealed that promoters from different alleles determine different locations of expression. The evolutionary shift in spot position is due to one or more cis-regulatory changes in the promoter of CgMyb1, indicating that shifts in pattern element position can be caused by changes in a single gene, and that cis-regulatory rewiring can be used to alter the relative position of an existing character.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How petals change their spots: cis‐regulatory re‐wiring in Clarkia (Onagraceae)

2016

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“…SG6 MYBs are encoded in each species by a small family of genes with different expression patterns, contributing to the color of different plant parts (Albert et al., ; Gonzalez et al., ; Quattrocchio et al., ; Schwinn et al., ). The spotted pattern of the petals of Lilium hybrids has been shown to be associated with LhMYB6 or LhMYB12 (Yamagishi, Shimoyamada, Nakatsuka, & Masuda, ), while in Clarkia , the expression domain of an SG6 MYB, CgMYB1 , determines the position of a spot in the flower (Martins, Berg, Blinka, Rausher, & Baum, ; Martins, Jiang, & Rausher, ). These examples show that duplication and diversification of R2R3‐MYB genes controlling anthocyanin synthesis result in different expression patterns of these regulators, leading to considerable possibilities of variation in temporal and spatial anthocyanin accumulation in plants (Albert et al., ; Bombarely et al., ; Schwinn et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and functional analysis of three new anthocyanin R2R3‐MYB genes in Petunia

et al. 2019

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We identified three novel members of the R2R3‐ MYB clade of anthocyanin regulators in the genome of the purple flowering Petunia inflata S6 wild accession, and we called them ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS REGULATOR ( ASR ). Two of these genes, ASR 1 and ASR 2, are inactivated by two different single base mutations in their coding sequence. All three of these genes are absent in the white flowering species P. axillaris N and P. parodii , in the red flowering P. exserta , and in several Petunia hybrida lines, including R27 and W115. P. violacea and other P . hybrida lines (M1, V30, and W59) instead harbor functional copies of the ASR genes. Comparative, functional and phylogenic analysis of anthocyanin R2R3‐ MYB genes strongly suggest that the ASR genes cluster is a duplication of the genomic fragment containing the other three R2R3‐ MYB genes with roles in pigmentation that were previously defined, the ANTHOCYANIN 4‐ DEEP PURPLE ‐ PURPLE HAZE ( AN 4 ‐ DPL ‐ PHZ ) cluster. An investigation of the genomic fragments containing anthocyanin MYB s in different Petuni a accessions reveals that massive rearrangements have taken place, resulting in large differences in the regions surrounding these genes, even in closely related species. Yeast two‐hybrid assays showed that the ASR proteins can participate in the WMBW ( WRKY , MYB , B‐ HLH , and WDR ) anthocyanin regulatory complex by interacting with the transcription factors AN 1 and AN 11. All three ASR s can induce anthocyanin synthesis when ectopically expressed in P. hybrida lines, but ASR 1 appeared to be the most effective. The expression patterns of ASR 1 and ASR 2 cover several different petunia tissues with higher expression at early stages of bud development. In contrast, ASR 3 is only weakly expressed in the stigma, ovary, and anther filaments. The characterization of these novel ASR MYB genes completes the picture of the MYB members of the petunia anthocyanin regulatory ...

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“…picotee, flowers are the result of reduced RNA expression of Chalcone synthase (CHS), possibly because of short-interfering RNA degradation (Koseki et al, 2005;Saito et al, 2006;Griesbach et al, 2007). The spot pattern is associated with the differential expression of Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase2 (Dfr2) in the red-purple spot in Clarkia gracilis (Martins et al, 2013) or light-induced Lilium hybrid MYB6 (LhMYB6) in the red spots compared with the pink background regulated by LhMYB12 in the Asiatic hybrid lily (Lilium spp.) 'Montreux' (Yamagishi et al, 2010).…”

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Three R2R3-MYB Transcription Factors Regulate Distinct Floral Pigmentation Patterning in Phalaenopsis spp.

Hsu¹,

Chen²,

et al. 2015

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Orchidaceae are well known for their fascinating floral morphologic features, specialized pollination, and distinctive ecological strategies. With their long-lasting flowers of various colors and pigmentation patterning, Phalaenopsis spp. have become important ornamental plants worldwide. In this study, we identified three R2R3-MYB transcription factors PeMYB2, PeMYB11, and PeMYB12. Their expression profiles were concomitant with red color formation in Phalaenopsis spp. flowers. Transient assay of overexpression of three PeMYBs verified that PeMYB2 resulted in anthocyanin accumulation, and these PeMYBs could activate the expression of three downstream structural genes Phalaenopsis spp. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase5, Phalaenopsis spp. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase1, and Phalaenopsis spp. Anthocyanidin synthase3. In addition, these three PeMYBs participated in the distinct pigmentation patterning in a single flower, which was revealed by virus-induced gene silencing. In the sepals/petals, silencing of PeMYB2, PeMYB11, and PeMYB12 resulted in the loss of the full-red pigmentation, red spots, and venation patterns, respectively. Moreover, different pigmentation patterning was regulated by PeMYBs in the sepals/petals and lip. PeMYB11 was responsive to the red spots in the callus of the lip, and PeMYB12 participated in the full pigmentation in the central lobe of the lip. The differential pigmentation patterning was validated by RNA in situ hybridization. Additional assessment was performed in six Phalaenopsis spp. cultivars with different color patterns. The combined expression of these three PeMYBs in different ratios leads to a wealth of complicated floral pigmentation patterning in Phalaenopsis spp.

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Precise spatio‐temporal regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway leads to petal spot formation in Clarkia gracilis (Onagraceae)

Cited by 76 publications

References 54 publications

How petals change their spots: cis‐regulatory re‐wiring in Clarkia (Onagraceae)

How petals change their spots: cis‐regulatory re‐wiring in Clarkia (Onagraceae)

Identification and functional analysis of three new anthocyanin R2R3‐MYB genes in Petunia

Three R2R3-MYB Transcription Factors Regulate Distinct Floral Pigmentation Patterning in Phalaenopsis spp.

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