A new method to determine antenna efficiency, based on the Wheeler cap technique, is presented. It uses the ratio between measured Q factors of the shielded and free‐space antenna impedances as a measure of radiation efficiency. The measured reflection coefficient of the antenna is fitted to an analytical function from which the unloaded Q can be determined. The method is particularized to microstrip patch antennas and is illustrated with simulated and measured results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 132–142, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11307