Precise construction of PCBM aggregates for polymer solar cellsvia multi-step controlled solvent vapor annealing

Tang, Haowei; Lu, Guanghao; Li, Ligui; Li, Jun; Wang, Yuzhen; Yang, Xiaoniu

doi:10.1039/b917533d

Cited by 132 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…[ 60,[86][87][88] We thus further optimized the device performance of our small molecules by using CH 2 Cl 2 vapor annealing for 30 s, without the need to incorporate any additives. The CH 2 Cl 2 vapor annealing treatment had a positive effect on the active blend layers containing BIT4FTh and BIT4Fse, as shown in , V oc of 0.87 V, and a high FF of 0.72, which was the largest enhancement in PCE achieved by CH 2 Cl 2 vapor annealing (initial performance of 5.07% before annealing) (see Figure 1 e,f).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Difluorobenzothiadiazole‐Based Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells with 8.7% Efficiency by Tuning of π‐Conjugated Spacers and Solvent Vapor Annealing

Wang

Xiao

Yan

et al. 2016

Adv Funct Materials

101

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The synthesis of a series of tetrafl uorine-substituted, wide-bandgap, small molecules consisting of various π-conjugated spacers (furan, thiophene, selenophene) between indacenodithiophene as the electron-donating core and the electron-defi cient difl uorobenzothiadiazole unit is reported and the effect of the π-conjugated spacers on the photovoltaic properties is investigated. The alteration of the π-conjugated spacer enables fi ne-tuning of the photophysical properties and energy levels of the small molecules, and allows the adjustment of the charge-transport properties, the morphology of the photoactive fi lms, as well as their photovoltaic properties. Moreover, most of these devices exhibit superior device performances after CH 2 Cl 2 solvent annealing than without annealing, with a high fi ll factor (0.70-0.75 for all cases). Notably, the devices based on the new molecule BIT4FTh (with thiophene as the spacer) show an outstanding PCE of 8.7% (with an impressive FF of 0.75), considering its wide-bandgap (1.81 eV), which is among the highest effi ciencies reported so far for small-molecules-based solar cells. The morphologies of the photoactive layers with/without CH 2 Cl 2 solvent annealing are characterized by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and two-dimensional grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis. The results reported here clearly indicate that highly effi cient small-molecules-based solar cells can be achieved through rational design of their molecular structure and optimization of the phaseseparated morphology via an adapted solvent-vapor annealing process.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Difluorobenzothiadiazole‐Based Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells with 8.7% Efficiency by Tuning of π‐Conjugated Spacers and Solvent Vapor Annealing

Wang

Xiao

Yan

et al. 2016

Adv Funct Materials

101

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“…This phenomenon can also result in the coarsening of nanoscale phase segregation, leading to unfavorable charge recombination and lower PCE [131]. Moreover, the high temperature of thermal annealing could probably impede the function of conjugated polymer and flexible substrate [132]. Furthermore, thermal annealing provides a rapid process for structural change, but crystallization and phase separation in the active layer could not be examined separately [133].…”

Section: Polar Solvent Annealingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards High Performance Organic Photovoltaic Cells: A Review of Recent Development in Organic Photovoltaics

2014

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Organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) have been a hot topic for research during the last decade due to their promising application in relieving energy pressure and environmental problems caused by the increasing combustion of fossil fuels. Much effort has been made toward understanding the photovoltaic mechanism, including evolving chemical structural motifs and designing device structures, leading to a remarkable enhancement of the power conversion efficiency of OPVs from 3% to over 15%. In this brief review, the advanced progress and the state-of-the-art performance of OPVs in very recent years are summarized. Based on several of the latest developed approaches to accurately detect the separation of electron-hole pairs in the femtosecond regime, the theoretical interpretation to exploit the comprehensive mechanistic picture of energy harvesting and charge carrier generation are discussed, especially for OPVs with bulk and multiple heterojunctions. Subsequently, the novel structural designs of the device architecture of OPVs embracing external geometry modification and intrinsic structure decoration are presented. Additionally, some approaches to further increase the efficiency of OPVs are described, including thermotics and dynamics modification methods. Finally, this review highlights the challenges and prospects with the aim of providing a better understanding towards highly efficient OPVs.

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“…However, ideal morphology of the active layers, which strongly depends on the solubility and miscibility of two components, can rarely be spontaneously formed during solution-processing. Therefore some treatments, such as thermal treatments, mixed solvents or adding suitable additives to solvents, are usually employed to tune the morphology of the active layers to optimize performance of PSCs [23,[29][30][31][32]. For instances, significant morphology and performance changes could be achieved by mixing two solvents in APFO-3:PCBM system [30]; the PCE of PSCs based on PCPDTBT:PC 71 BM was doubled by adding high boiling point alkanethiols into chlorobenzene (CB) [32,33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of additive on performance and shelf-stability of HSX-1/PCBM photovoltaic devices

Zhou

Andersson

et al. 2011

Organic Electronics

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How 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) enhances performance of polymer solar cells based on polymer HXS-1 and fullerene [6,6]-phenyl C 71 -butyric acid methyl ester (PC 71 BM) from 3.6% to 5.4% is scrutinized with several techniques by comparing devices or blend films spin-coated from dichlorobenzene (DCB) to those from DCB/DIO (97.5:2.5 v/v). Morphology of blend films is examined with atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron tomography (3-D TEM), respectively. Charge generation and recombination is studied with photoluminescence, and charge transport with field effect transistors. The morphology with domain size in 10-20 nm and vertical elongated clusters formed in DIO system is supposed to facilitate charge transport and minimize charge carrier recombination, which are the main reasons for enhancing power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3.6% (without DIO) to 5.4% (with DIO). Furthermore, a two year inspection shows no significant impact of DIO on the shelf-stability of the solar cells. No visible degradation in the second year indicates that the morphology of the active layers in the devices is relatively stable after initial relaxation in the first year.

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Precise construction of PCBM aggregates for polymer solar cellsvia multi-step controlled solvent vapor annealing

Cited by 132 publications

References 43 publications

Difluorobenzothiadiazole‐Based Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells with 8.7% Efficiency by Tuning of π‐Conjugated Spacers and Solvent Vapor Annealing

Difluorobenzothiadiazole‐Based Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells with 8.7% Efficiency by Tuning of π‐Conjugated Spacers and Solvent Vapor Annealing

Towards High Performance Organic Photovoltaic Cells: A Review of Recent Development in Organic Photovoltaics

The Effect of additive on performance and shelf-stability of HSX-1/PCBM photovoltaic devices

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