Précis of O'Keefe &amp; Nadel's<i>The hippocampus as a cognitive map</i>

O’Keefe, John; Nadel, Lynn

doi:10.1017/s0140525x00063949

Cited by 722 publications

(551 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…As a rat explores a spatial environment, CA1 and CA3 neurons fire selectively when the animal occupies particular locations within the environment. These 'place cells' are believed to reflect elements of a cognitive map of the environment [75] or representations of places where significant events occur within episodic memories [76,77]. Characterization of age-associated changes in the firing patterns of place cells might shed light on disturbances in memory processing in the aged hippocampus.…”

Section: Information Processing By Hippocampal Place Cells Of Aged Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive aging: prior memories hinder new hippocampal encoding

Wilson

Gallagher

Eichenbaum

et al. 2006

Trends in Neurosciences

300

327

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Normal aging is often accompanied by impairments in forming new memories, and studies of aging rodents have revealed structural and functional changes to the hippocampus that might point to the mechanisms behind such memory loss. In this article, we synthesize recent neurobiological and neurophysiological findings into a model of the information-processing circuit of the aging hippocampus. The key point of the model is that small concurrent changes during aging strengthen the auto-associative network of the CA3 subregion at the cost of processing new information coming in from the entorhinal cortex. As a result of such reorganization in aged memory-impaired individuals, information that is already stored would become the dominant pattern of the hippocampus to the detriment of the ability to encode new information.

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Section: Information Processing By Hippocampal Place Cells Of Aged Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive aging: prior memories hinder new hippocampal encoding

Wilson

Gallagher

Eichenbaum

et al. 2006

Trends in Neurosciences

300

327

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“…A large proportion of hippocampal neurons (place cells) are known to selectively discharge as animals traverse circumscribed portions of environmental space, referred to as place fields (24,25). Hill and Best (11) showed that place fields emerge relatively quickly when placed in a new environment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Age and Experience-Dependent Representational Reorganization During Spatial Learning

Mizumori

Kalyani

1997

Neurobiology of Aging

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Age and experience-dependent representational reorganization during spatial learning NEUROBIOL AGING 18(6) 651-659, 1997.-Previously, we found that aged rats showed a significant enhancement of hippocampal CA1 place cell spatial specificity, as well as a reduction of hilar place cell spatial specificity, during asymptote performance of a spatial memory task. Because such an age effect was not observed when animals performed a nonspatial task, the present study tested the hypothesis that the different patterns of spatial selectivity observed in memory and nonmemory tests reflected a redistribution of spatial representations that occurred in response to changing task demands. In the present experiment, after animals became familiar with the test environment and motor demands of performance on a radial maze, CA1 and hilar place cells were recorded as they learned a spatial memory task. CA1 place cells recorded from unimpaired old, but not impaired old or young, animals became more spatially selective as animals learned the task. Hilar spatial selectivity for both age groups was not significantly related to choice accuracy. These data support the hypothesis that at least a subpopulation of aged rats may benefit from reorganization of spatial representations in such a way that the normal age-related spatial learning deficit is attenuated. © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. Place cellsHippocampus Spatial learning Representational neuroplasticity Aging THE relatively poor performance of aged rats on spatial memory tasks has been shown not to be due to general sensory or motor decline (e.g., 3,6,12,29,33). Rather, arguments have been made for a select difficulty in acquiring new information, especially spatial information. Recent studies have shown that aged rats and monkeys do not show significant loss of cells in any of the hippocampal subregions examined (i.e., the granule cell layer, hilus, CA3, CA1, or subiculum; refs. 28,30,31). Therefore, it is likely that a hippocampal contribution to the spatial learning decline with senescence reflects more subtle changes in hippocampal cell function. Indeed, there is evidence that the synaptic structure of hippocampal neurons undergoes age-associated changes that are correlated with the memory impairment (e.g., ref. 9). The functional significance of such synaptic changes is presently unknown. However, it is not unreasonable to postulate that such intracellular alterations might change the manner in which information is coded by aged hippocampal neurons. A large proportion of hippocampal neurons (place cells) are known to selectively discharge as animals traverse circumscribed portions of environmental space, referred to as place fields (24,25). Hill and Best (11) showed that place fields emerge relatively quickly when placed in a new environment. This initial result was recently extended by Wilson and McNaughton (32) and Austin and colleagues (1), who showed that place coding by particular hippocampal neurons can undergo initially rapid, then more subtle long-term changes with co...

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“…This is clearly an allocentric strategy, and has been the subject of detailed research in neuroscience (O'Keefe & Nadel, 1979). This strategy is important when we try to plan a route, among the many possible.…”

Section: Cognitive Strategies For Spatial Navigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2016

JPES

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Abstract:In orienteering competitions, the athlete's brain can select a spatial reference system based on the task to be performed, and, during a movement, can change the referent. The multiplicity of the reference systems allows to choose the most suitable system. The hypothesis presented here, according to Alain Berthoz, is that manipulation of spatial referents is an essential form of vicariance: depending on the context and the task, the brain decides to take as a reference an element of the body or of the environment rather than another. Apparently, the management of the different references is a further complexity, a detour, but it really simplifies the development of interactions with the environment. In this framework, at the basis of higher cognitive functions there is the vicariant use of the solutions developed by the living beings to the problems posed by the need to move forward in space. This paper argues that the sport of orienteering directly and primarily involves cognitive processes that are critical in the acquisition of the ability to take the perspective of others and, therefore, takes the form of an effective teaching practice in an educational context oriented to inclusion of pupils presenting Special Educational Needs.

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Précis of O'Keefe & Nadel'sThe hippocampus as a cognitive map

Cited by 722 publications

References 169 publications

Neurocognitive aging: prior memories hinder new hippocampal encoding

Neurocognitive aging: prior memories hinder new hippocampal encoding

Age and Experience-Dependent Representational Reorganization During Spatial Learning

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