Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades: a review based on observations and simulations

Wang, Xuejia; Pang, Guojin; Yang, Meixue

doi:10.1002/joc.5246

Cited by 193 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 137 publications

(260 reference statements)

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“…It should be noted that while runoff data are generally considered reliable, the uncertainty in the basin‐scale precipitation values may also impact ET wb to varying extent (Miralles et al, ), especially in less populated remote regions of highly varying topography since P is primarily interpolated from the point measurements of rain gauges. This is particularly the case for the Southwest River Basin which includes the southern and eastern parts of Tibetan Plateau, precipitation stations in this basin are mostly situated in valleys and few are higher than 3,000 m above sea level (Wang et al, ). Because of the orographic enhancement, precipitation estimation in such a way may be inaccurate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary‐Relationship‐Based Modeling of Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Across China During 1982–2012: Validations and Spatiotemporal Analyses

et al. 2019

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Having recognized the limitations in spatial representativeness and/or temporal coverage of (i) current ground ETa observations and (ii) land surface model‐ and remote sensing‐based ETa estimates due to uncertainties in soil and vegetation parameters, a calibration‐free nonlinear complementary relationship (CR) model is employed with inputs of air and dew‐point temperature, wind speed, and net radiation to estimate 0.1°, monthly ETa over China during 1982–2012. The modeled ETa rates were first validated against 13 eddy‐covariance measurements, producing Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency values in the range of 0.72–0.94. On the basin scale, the modeled ETa values yielded a relative bias of 6%, and a Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency value of 0.80 in comparison with water‐balance‐derived evapotranspiration rates across 10 major river basins in China, indicating the CR‐simulated ETa rates reliable over China. Further evaluations suggest that the CR‐based ETa product is more accurate than seven other mainstream ETa products. The 31‐year mean annual ETa value decreases from the southeast to the northwest in China, resulting in a country average of 406 ± 15 mm/year. The country‐representative annual ETa rates slightly decreased with a rate of −0.5 mm/year (p = 0.86) during 1982–2012. Annual ETa increased significantly over most parts of western and northeastern China but decreased significantly in many regions of the North China Plain as well as in the eastern and southern coastal regions. The present CR‐based method, with its calibration‐free nature and minimal data requirement, could help future calibrations/verifications of the more complex and more data‐intensive land surface model‐ and remote sensing‐based models.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary‐Relationship‐Based Modeling of Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Across China During 1982–2012: Validations and Spatiotemporal Analyses

et al. 2019

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“…However, the homogenization methods often did not receive adequate attentions. Because of the limitation of natural environment, the ground observation network has not been established in the TP [43]. For existing stations, relocation and changes of instructions are of high frequency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spatial and Temporal Variation of Temperature in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau during 1971–2015

Yang

Wang

2017

Atmosphere

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Abstract:The Tibetan Plateau (TP), which is well known as "The Third Pole", is of great importance to climate change in East Asia, and even the whole world. In this paper, we selected the monthly temperature (including the monthly mean and the maximum and minimum temperature) during 1971-2015 from 88 meteorological stations on the TP. The data were tested and corrected by using Penalized Maximal F Test (PMFT) based on RHtest. Afterwards, based on the Mann-Kendall test, we analyzed the seasonal and time-interval characteristics on each station in detail. The results show that the TP has experienced significant warming during 1971-2015. When comparing the selected elements, the warming rate of minimum temperature (T min ) is the largest, the mean temperature (T mean ) comes second, and the maximum temperature (T max ) is the smallest. The warming trends in four seasons are significant, and the highest warming rate occurs in winter. The warming trend on the TP has a prominent spatial difference, with a large warming rate on the eastern parts and a small one on the central regions. In different seasons, the warming trends on the TP have different characteristics in the time interval. Since 1998, the warming rate in spring increased markedly, spring has displaced winter as the season with the highest warming rate recently.

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“…Meanwhile, the majority of precipitation and meltwater over the remaining areas (i.e., the central and eastern TP) are transformed into surface runoff (Kulkarni et al, 2002;Lu et al, 2005;Xu et al, 2008). In comparison, wintertime precipitation over the TP contributes much less of the annual precipitation (about 10%; Maussion et al, 2014;Wan et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2018). However, most of the wintertime precipitation is in the form of snow and can be easily stored in the cryosphere due to the much colder temperatures relative to the summer (Lang & Barros, 2004;Li et al, 2017;Qin et al, 2006;Shen et al, 2015;Tang et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moisture Sources for Wintertime Intense Precipitation Events Over the Three Snowy Subregions of the Tibetan Plateau

et al. 2019

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Wintertime intense precipitation events often lead to severe snow disasters. In this study, a Lagrangian approach is employed to examine the evaporative moisture sources for wintertime intense precipitation events over the three snowy subregions of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during 1979–2016, including the western TP (WTP), south central TP (SCTP), and southeastern TP (SETP). More than 80.0% of the moisture for intense precipitation over each subregion originates from terrestrial areas. Although prevailing westerly winds dominate above the TP and its surrounding areas during winter, half of the precipitation over the three subregions is supplied by evaporation from the south (i.e., the Indian Peninsula). Specifically, evaporation from the Indian Peninsula contributes 68.0%, 65.0%, and 45.0% of the moisture for intense precipitation over the WTP, SCTP, and SETP, respectively. The two primary oceanic moisture source regions for intense precipitation are the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, playing complementary roles in supplying moisture. The relative contributions of the Arabian Sea to intense precipitation over the WTP, SCTP, and SETP are 9.2%, 6.9%, and 1.1%, while those of the Bay of Bengal are 1.1%, 12.1%, and 8.6%. Southerly winds downstream of a cyclonic anomaly over the Indian Peninsula are crucial for the low‐level moisture transport from the south to the Himalayan foothills. Under the combined effects of orographic lifting and favorable large‐scale circulation patterns, moisture ascends further into the three subregions. Changes in the position and intensity of the cyclonic anomaly are particularly crucial to facilitating moisture contributions from the key source regions.

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Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades: a review based on observations and simulations

Cited by 193 publications

References 137 publications

Complementary‐Relationship‐Based Modeling of Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Across China During 1982–2012: Validations and Spatiotemporal Analyses

Complementary‐Relationship‐Based Modeling of Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Across China During 1982–2012: Validations and Spatiotemporal Analyses

The Spatial and Temporal Variation of Temperature in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau during 1971–2015

Moisture Sources for Wintertime Intense Precipitation Events Over the Three Snowy Subregions of the Tibetan Plateau

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