Precipitation of Sodium Chloride from Aqueous Solution by Compound Formation with an Organic Amine

Marullo, N. P.; Lloyd, R. A.

doi:10.1021/ja00957a052

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Aside from sugars, organic molecules containing various types of hydrogen bond donor groups can cocrystallize with alkali metal salts. Examples include dihydroxyacetone·1/2NaCl, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane·NaCl, 4,4′-diamino-2,3-diphenylbutane·NaCl, ethylenediamine·LiCl, tert -butoxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-proline ( 61 )·NaCl, succinic acid·KF, succinic acid·CsF, and malonic acid·KF…”

Section: Cocrystals Containing An Organic Component and A Simple Alka...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Cocrystals Reported Prior to 2000

Stahly¹

2009

Crystal Growth & Design

204

153

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A history of cocrystals reported in the literature prior to the year 2000 is presented. Concentration is on cocrystals that contain only organic components, not including species commonly referred to as solvates and clathrates. However, brief mention is made of some cocrystals containing both organic and inorganic components. The discovery and early history of cocrystals are discussed, with emphasis on centers of activity. Numerous examples are then utilized to illustrate the structural variety and utility of cocrystals described in the literature.

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Section: Cocrystals Containing An Organic Component and A Simple Alka...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Cocrystals Reported Prior to 2000

Stahly¹

2009

Crystal Growth & Design

204

153

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“…Apart from complexes of Na, K, Ca, erc., it is also possible to obtain such compounds of lanthanoids, uranyl, Zn, Hg, Mg, and Ag salts, as well as ammonium ion complexes. Synthesis of unsymmetrical open-chain ligands such as (45) permits almost any intramolecular combination of weak and strong donor terminal groups.…”

Section: Synthetic Acyclic Neutral Ligands (Podands)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidentate Acyclic Neutral Ligands and Their Complexation

Vögtle¹,

Weber²

1979

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.

352

130

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The properties of cyclic crown ethers are approximated by acyclic neutral ligands (podands), which are compared and contrasted with open-chain bioionophores and acidic chelating agents in this article. Variations of the endo-polarophilicity/exo-lipophilicity balance, complex stability, ion selectivity can often be accomplished more easily, with greater versatility, and at less expense with acyclic polyethers than with their cyclic counterparts; complexation and decomplexation are generally faster in acyclic systems; and the pseudocavity usually has greater conformational flexibility. Acyclic crown ethers and open-chain cryptands stiffened by rigid "terminal groups" containing donor atoms readily form crystalline complexes of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Some open-chain neutral ligands form helical conformations in their crystalline complexes. The observed coordination numbers and geometries are of theoretical interest. Attractive terminal group interactions lead to pseudocyclic species occupying a position intermediate between cyclic and acyclic ligands. It has recently proved possible to isolate crystalline complexes of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions with weakly donating oligo(ethy1ene glycol ethers) and with glycols; such complexes have also been obtained with sugars. Acyclic neutral ligands can serve as simple models of nigericin-type bioionophores and be used analytically in microelectrodes. The recently discovered crystalline stoichiometric complexes formed by some acyclic neutral ligands with guest molecules such as urea, thiourea, and water provide a fresh insight into weak interactions between neutral molecules and for the development of urea receptors

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“…It must be transported by some other means of attachm ent to a carrier, such as some form of chelation. It had not been realized that the alkali metals (except lithium) would form coordi nation compounds until Marullo & Lloyd (1966) discovered one between Na and racemic />,/>'-diamino-2,3-diphenylbutane, a neutral molecule, attachm ent being via N to Na. Clearly this discovery was very important, although of course the existence of complexes of Na and K must be inferred from the discovery that the electrochemical activity of these ions in cyto plasm, measured by ion-sensitive glass microelectrodes (Hinke 1959, 1961, O hara & Newton 1968, MacLaughlin 1968) is very much lower than would be expected from the Debye-Htickel theory, when compared to the chemical concentration as measured for example by flame photometry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and magnitude of transmembrane resting potential in living cells

Stanton

1983

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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The equations of Nernst, Teorell, Ussing and Goldman do not explain the origin of cell membrane potential. The Nernst equation is concerned with equilibria and applies to the Donnan system, whereas living cells are much more complicated. Equations of Teorell and Ussing provide criteria for active transport but cannot predict cell membrane potential from starting conditions. The Goldman equation describes a membrane diffusion potential, and is useful in predicting transient changes in a pre-existing membrane potential, elicited by manipulation of ion permeabilities or external ion concentrations. However, none of these equations can predict both membrane potential and internal ion concentrations; they always predict one using the other with external concentration data, and yet both are determined by metabolic activity. When it exists in a steady state, in some cases membrane potential is wrongly described as a diffusion potential. An electrochemical analysis has been applied to models designed to represent the cell and equations have been derived for membrane potential. Starting conditions imposed were external ion concentrations, the existence in the membrane of active transport pumps and the presence in the cell of Donnan macro-ions. The effect of macro-ions outside was also considered. This study established that membrane potential can be successfully predicted from those starting conditions in all cell types examined, in blood plasma, fresh water and sea water. Several new effects were revealed, perhaps the most important of which was a ‘ nebenion effect ', the depressive effect on membrane potential of diffusible ions of the same charge sign as the pumped ion. This discovery has far-reaching consequences, for instance, that transport of hydrogen or hydroxyl ions at a membrane can never in itself develop a significant potential difference across the membrane, even though high pH gradients may be achieved. Other effects discovered were: a ‘ Donnan enhancement effect ’, whereby membrane potential can be much more than the sum of Donnan potential and transport-generated potential when both exist together; virtual lack of a ‘ double Donnan effect '; external macro-ion does not abolish the Donnan enhancement effect even when no Donnan potential would appear in the absence of active transport; a ‘ linked transport effect ’, allowing calculation of the potassium equilibrium potential; and a ‘ twin independent transport effect ’, in which the membrane potential falls short of the sum of each independent transport acting alone.

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Precipitation of Sodium Chloride from Aqueous Solution by Compound Formation with an Organic Amine

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

A Survey of Cocrystals Reported Prior to 2000

A Survey of Cocrystals Reported Prior to 2000

Multidentate Acyclic Neutral Ligands and Their Complexation

Origin and magnitude of transmembrane resting potential in living cells

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