Precipitation in NaCl-KCl Mixed Crystals

Wolfson, R. G.; Kobes, W.; Fine, M. E.

doi:10.1063/1.1708241

Cited by 30 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The main cause of the deposit formation appears to be the presence of a glassy phase, K 1– x Na x Cl, even in small quantities of Cl – . The KCl–NaCl system, illustrated in Figure , shows that KCl and NaCl melt from 660 to 800 °C, depending on the chlorides composition. In the presence of CaSO 4 , the liquid phase appears at lower temperatures, as shown in the corresponding tertiary diagram in ref .…”

Section: Consequences Of High Inorganic Volatile Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review: Circulation of Inorganic Elements in Combustion of Alternative Fuels in Cement Plants

et al. 2015

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Cement production is an energy-intensive process, which traditionally has been dependent on fossil fuels. However, the use of alternative fuels, i.e., selected waste, biomass and by-products with recoverable calorific value, is constantly increasing. Combustion of these fuels is more challenging compared to fossil fuels, due to lack of experience and different chemical and physical properties. When complete oxidation of fuels in the calciner and main burner is not achieved, they burn in direct contact with the bed material of the rotary kiln, causing local reducing conditions and increasing the internal circulation of S, Cl, Na, and K. Compounds containing these elements, such as alkali salts, evaporate when exposed to high temperatures and subsequently condense in colder parts of the plant. The transformation of the volatile inorganic species at different locations in the cement plant is important, because a high internal circulation affects the process stability and operation through formation of build-ups and blockages, ring formation, and shell corrosion, resulting in reduced clinker production, higher heat consumption, and kiln or plant stops. The present review describes the internal cycles of inorganic elements that are established within the cement plant and their dependence on process parameters. Special focus is given to the sulfur cycle. This cycle is intensified by CaSO 4 decomposition, making it sensitive to local reducing conditions.

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Section: Consequences Of High Inorganic Volatile Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, even in small quantities of Cl -. The system KCl-NaCl, illustrated in Figure 13, shows that KCl and NaCl melt from 660 to 800°C 165 , depending on the chlorides composition. In the presence of CaSO 4 , the liquid phase appears at lower temperatures, as shown in the corresponding tertiary diagram of reference 164 .…”

Section: Deposit Build-up Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Circulation of Inorganic Elements in Combustion of Alternative Fuels in Cement Plants

et al. 2015

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“…Especially, if the difference between the solute and solvent is not large, any content of composition keeps equilibrium at room temperature (Fancher and Borsch 1969). On the strength of the materials some experimental results are available for KCI-KBr (Stoloff et al 1963) and NaCI-NaBr (Wimmer et al 1963) systems showing a solid solution hardening or softening and for NaCI-AgCI (Stokes and Li 1962) and NaCI-KCI (Wolfson et al 1966) systems showing a precipitation hardening. Recent microhardness studies in alkali halide mixed crystals (Subba Rue and Hari Babu •978) showed that it varies nonlinearly with composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microhardness studies in ammonium halide crystals

Pratap

Babu

1980

Bull. Mater. Sci.

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Microhardness studies of NH4CI (pure and doped), NH4Br and alkali halide crystals are presented. The hardness of ammonium halides is found to be less as compared to alkali halide crystals. Doping NH4CI crystals with copper (Cu 2+) is found to increase the hardness enormously and the results obtained with various concentrations of copper are presented. The results have been analysed and the various factors contributing to the increase in hardness at lower loads have been discussed.

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“…As studied by researchers, the microhardness has been correlated with other properties of materials like crystal structure, chemical bonding, plasticity, localized deformation, [18][19][20][21] Curi temperature and energy bang gap (E g Þ. 53,54 But in the present case, we have tried to determine elastic constant and yield strength from Vickers hardness number (H V Þ. A polished crystal was kept on the platform of the Vickers micro-hardness tester under different loads of magnitudes (20-100 g) for a fixed duration of time (5 s).…”

Section: Micro-hardnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical and mechanical studies on ferroelectric lithium rubidium sulphate crystals

2018

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Slow evaporation method was used to grow single crystals of lithium rubidium sulphate with high transparency. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that at room temperature, the crystal belongs to a monoclinic system with the space group [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]. Some physical parameters like plasma energy, Penn gap, Fermi energy and electronic polarizability have been evaluated for the grown crystal. The relation between electronic polarizability and diamagnetic susceptibility for the crystal has been established on the basis of Kirkwood’s semiempirical equation. The ac conductivity and dielectric behavior of the grown crystal were systemically investigated as a function of frequency and temperature. The title compound obeys Jonscher’s power law relations: [Formula: see text], with exponent [Formula: see text]. From the conduction study, it is observed that both small and large polarons take part in conduction process, and at low temperature, both the band and hopping mechanisms are responsible for conduction. From impedance and modulus studies, it is observed that only one conduction relaxation is observed in the crystal at low frequency. The activation energy of the dielectric relaxation (0.41[Formula: see text]eV) and that of the conduction ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]eV) are in agreement, as a result, there is no difference among the conduction and relaxation species at high temperature. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of the crystal shows three endothermic peaks at 166[Formula: see text]C, 185[Formula: see text]C, and 202[Formula: see text]C, from which various thermodynamic parameters such as [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] have been calculated. From Vickers hardness test, we have determined the mechanical strength, and other parameters which include fracture toughness, brittleness index, yield strength, and stiffness constant for the crystal.

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Precipitation in NaCl-KCl Mixed Crystals

Cited by 30 publications

References 13 publications

Review: Circulation of Inorganic Elements in Combustion of Alternative Fuels in Cement Plants

Review: Circulation of Inorganic Elements in Combustion of Alternative Fuels in Cement Plants

Microhardness studies in ammonium halide crystals

Electrical and mechanical studies on ferroelectric lithium rubidium sulphate crystals

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