Precipitation in a lead calcium tin anode

Pérez-González, Francisco A.; Camurri, C.; Carrasco, Claudia; Colás, Rafael

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2011.11.013

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Extensive observations by SEM were carried out in both steels in locations close to their centres and surfaces to record the size of distribution of such particles. The distances between the TiN particles were analysed by recording their coordinates from SEM micrographs and calculating the distance between close neighbours following the procedure described elsewhere [37]. Figure 13 shows that the distance between precipitates is smaller in samples from steel B , as may be expected from the smaller volume fraction obtained from the solidification analyses, Table 5; it was observed that the distances between closer neighbours was smaller towards the centre of the strip, and this may be due to the lower solidification rates occurring towards the centre of the slab [35], which allow for the alloying elements to segregate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of advanced high-strength steels obtained by the compact strip production route

Pérez-González

Ramírez-Ramírez

Hernández

et al. 2023

Materials Science and Technology

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Advanced high-strength steels are used in structural components of automobiles to reduce their weight, fuel consumption and green-house gas emissions. Their properties result from tailoring their chemical composition and processing conditions to obtain microstructures consisting of a variety of hard and soft components. This work presents the analyses conducted on steels produced by continuous casting into thin moulds and hot rolling directly to the final shape. The microstructure was studied by microscopical techniques; the phase transformations occurring were assessed with the aid of commercial and dedicated computer programs. The stress–strain curves were fitted to different constitutive equations. It was found that the mechanical characteristics differed due to the strategies in design and production followed by the steelmaker.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of advanced high-strength steels obtained by the compact strip production route

Pérez-González

Ramírez-Ramírez

Hernández

et al. 2023

Materials Science and Technology

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“…Lead-based alloys are widely used as anode material in hydrometallurgy industries, such as chromium coating (Devilliers et al , 2003), electrowinning (Li et al , 2011; Lafront et al ,2010) and lead-acid batteries (Egan et al , 2011; Osório et al ,2009). High corrosion resistance, high electrocatalytic efficiency and electrical conductivity (Pérez-González et al , 2012; Li et al ,2007) of lead-based alloys cause of these uses. The early research of these kinds of anodes and their corrosion mechanism in sulphuric acid solution are due to these attractive properties (Hirasawa et al , 2000; Xu et al ,2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of corrosion behavior of virgin and recycled Pb anodes used in zinc electrowinning industry

Shima

Ahmadi

Moghaddam

et al. 2020

ACMM

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Purpose The composition and corrosion behaviors of recycled and virgin Pb anode were investigated in industrial zinc electrowinning solution with different methods. The purpose of this study is the illustration of good anticorrosion activity of virgin Pb anodes compared to recycled one in industrial operation, while the compositions of both of them are the same which obtained from quantmetry method. Design/methodology/approach Its corrosion properties and electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction were appraised using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic polarization and ionic equilibrium methods. In addition, composition of anodes investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) method. The surface composition of samples was studied via X-ray diffractogram (XRD). Findings The results indicate that the anodes display different anodic behaviors during the galvanostatic polarization. Virgin Pb anode shows a “potential reduction” about 320 mV lower than recycled Pb anode after 6 h of polarization; also, the stable potential after 72 h for virgin Pb anode is 100 mV lower than recycled Pb anode. Also, The XPS results show a trace amount of Cl in recycled anodes which cause the more corrosion activity. XRD results indicate that virgin Pb anodes have been covered by more oxides than recycled anodes after 72 h of electrowinning. Originality/value The treatment of corrosion behavior by virginity has not been detected by any researchers yet. Therefore, it is imperative to study the corrosion behavior and exact composition analysis of virgin and recycled Pb anodes to comprehension of them. This paper fulfills this need.

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“…11) Research studies to improve the performance of Pb-Ca-Sn grids by controlling the alloying elements and heat treatments received atten-tion. [12][13][14][15][16][17] The present work is a preliminary evaluation study that is aimed to encourage the use of the recycled lead with impurity levels considerably above those in the industrial standards. The selected elements, namely, antimony, arsenic and copper are some of the potential impurities from recycling of lead-acid batteries based on Pb-Sb grids and Pb-Cu alloys used in many industrial applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Tolerance of Some Elemental Impurities on Performance of Pb-Ca-Sn Positive Pole Grids of Lead-Acid Batteries

El-Rahman¹,

Gad‐Allah²,

Salih³

et al. 2012

Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology

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:The electrochemical performance of positive pole grids of lead-acid batteries made of Pb-0.08%Ca-1.1%Sn alloys without and with 0.1 wt% of each of Cu, As or Sb and with 0.1 wt% of Cu, As and Sb combined was investigated by electrochemical methods in 4.0 M H 2 SO 4 . The corrodibility of alloys under open-circuit conditions and constant current charging of the positive pole, the positive pole gassing and the self-discharge of the charged positive pole were studied. All impurities (Cu, As, Sb) were found to decrease the corrosion resistance, R corr after 1/2 hour corrosion, but after 24 hours an improvement in R corr was recorded for Sb containing alloy and the alloy with the three impurities combined. While an individual impurity was found to enhance oxygen evolution reaction, the impurities combined significantly inhibition this reaction and the related water loss problem was improved. Impedance results were found helpful in identification of the species involved in the charging/discharging and the self-discharge of the positive pole. Impurities individually or combined were found to increase the self-discharge during polarization (33-68%), where Sb containing alloy was the worst and impurities combined alloy was the least. The corrosion of the positive pole grid in the constant current charging was found to increase in the presence of impurities by 5-10%. Under open-circuit, the self-discharge of the charged positive grids was found to increase significantly (92-212%) in the presence of impurities, with Sb-containing alloy was the worst. The important result of the study is that the harmful effect of the studied impurities combined was not additive but sometimes lesser than any individual impurity.

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Precipitation in a lead calcium tin anode

Cited by 19 publications

References 19 publications

Characteristics of advanced high-strength steels obtained by the compact strip production route

Characteristics of advanced high-strength steels obtained by the compact strip production route

Study of corrosion behavior of virgin and recycled Pb anodes used in zinc electrowinning industry

Evaluation of Tolerance of Some Elemental Impurities on Performance of Pb-Ca-Sn Positive Pole Grids of Lead-Acid Batteries

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