Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics—A Research Hotspot for Pediatric Obesity

Abstract

Childhood obesity is a major public health problem worldwide with an increasing prevalence, associated not only with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but also with psychosocial problems. Gut microbiota is a new factor in childhood obesity, which can modulate the blood lipopolysaccharide levels, the satiety, and fat distribution, and can ensure additional calories to the host. The aim of this review was to assess the differences and the impact of the gut microbial composition on several obesity-related complications such as metabolic syndrome, NAFLD, or insulin resistance. Early dysbiosis was proven to be associated with an increased predisposition to obesity. Depending on the predominant species, the gut microbiota might have either a positive or negative impact on the development of obesity. Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics were suggested to have a positive effect on improving the gut microbiota and reducing cardio-metabolic risk factors. The results of clinical trials regarding probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic administration in children with metabolic syndrome, NAFLD, and insulin resistance are controversial. Some of them (Lactobacillus rhamnosus bv-77, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Bifidobacterium animalis) were proven to reduce the body mass index in obese children, and also improve the blood lipid content; others (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Enterococcus faecium, and fructo-oligosaccharides) failed in proving any effect on lipid parameters and glucose metabolism. Further studies are necessary for understanding the mechanism of the gut microbiota in childhood obesity and for developing low-cost effective strategies for its management.

Effect of gut hormones on bone metabolism and their possible mechanisms in the treatment of osteoporosis

“…The GM may affect bone homeostasis through the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In the gut, lactose-based prebiotics are converted by probiotics into SCFAs (butyric, acetic, and propionic acids) and lactic acid ( Borka Balas et al, 2023 ). They promote the synthesis of the gut hormones plasma GLP-1, GLP-2, and PYY by entero-endocrine L cells through the activation of GPCRs ( Kasubuchi et al, 2015 ; Kellow et al, 2014 ).…”