Prebiotics and Probiotics in the Formulation of Infant Foods

Probiotics, their action modality and the use of multi-omics in metamorphosis of commensal microbiota into target-based probiotics

“…Following the discovery of food spoilage agents, around 1873, British Scientist Joseph Lister isolated Streptococcus lactis (now known as Lactococcus lactis) from rancid milk (16)(17)(18)(19). Meanwhile French pediatrician Henry Tissier isolated Bacillus bifidum communis (now known as Bifidobacterium bifidum) in 1889 (20) and observed that Bifidobacteria were dominant among the microflora of breastfed infants (12,21,22). Shortly after the discovery of Bifidobacteria, around 1900 Austrian pediatrician Ernst Moro isolated a gram-positive bacterium and characterized it as Abbreviations: ABC, ATP-binding cassettes; AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; AKT, protein kinase B; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BLIS, bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances; CBER, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research; CFU, colony forming units; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COVID-19,coronavirus disease of 2019; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; CXCR3, C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 3; DC, dendritic cell; DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; EFSA, European Food Safety Authority; EPO, eosinophil peroxidase activity; EPS, exopolysaccharides; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; FMN, flavin mononucleotide; FOXP3, forkhead box p3; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; GDUT, gutderived uremic toxin; GH, glycoside hydrolase; GIT, gastrointestinal tract; GPR, G-protein-coupled receptor; H 2 O 2 , hydrogen peroxide; HMO, human milk oligosaccharides; HYA, 10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IEC, intestinal epithelial cell; IFNγ, interferon-gamma; Ig, immunoglobulin; IκB-α, inhibitor of kappa light chain gene enhancer in B cells, alpha I-kappa-B-alpha; IL, interleukin; ILA, indole lactic acid; IS, indoxyl sulfate; ISAPP, International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics; LAB, lactic acid bacteria; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; MALDI-TOF MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry; MEK, mitogen-activated kinase; MUC, Mucin; MyD88, Myeloid differentiation primary response 88; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells; NK, natural killer; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase; pABA, para-aminobenzoic acid; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PMB, probiotics-mediated bioconversion; PRRs.…”