Prebiotic potential of enzymatically produced ulvan oligosaccharides using ulvan lyase of Bacillus subtilis, NIOA181, a macroalgae-associated bacteria

Abstract

Aims:To characterize the polysaccharide hydrolyzing potential of macroalgaeassociated bacteria (MABs) for the enzymatic production of oligosaccharides and determining their prebiotic potential. Methods and Results:Approximately 400 MABs were qualitatively characterized for polysaccharide hydrolyzing activity. Only about 5%-15% of the isolates were found to have the potential for producing porphyranase, alginate lyase and ulvan lyase enzymes, which were quantified in specific substrate broths. One potential MAB, Bacillus subtilis, NIOA181, isolated from green macroalgae, showed the highest ulvan lyase activity. This enzyme was partially purified and used to hydrolyse ulvan into ulvan oligosaccharides. Structural characterization of ulvan oligosaccharides showed that they are predominantly composed of di-, tri-and tetrasaccharide units. Results showed that the enzymatically produced ulvan oligosaccharides exhibited prebiotic activity by promoting the growth of probiotic bacteria and suppressing the enteric pathogens, which were higher than the ulvan polysaccharide and equivalent to commercial fructooligosaccharides. Conclusions:A potential MAB, NIOA181, producing ulvan lyase was isolated and used for the production of ulvan oligosaccharides with prebiotic activity.Significance and Impact of the Study: Rarely studied ulvan oligosaccharides with prebiotic activity can be widely used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient in nutraceutical and other healthcare applications.

Prospective Antiviral Effect of Ulva lactuca Aqueous Extract against COVID-19 Infection

“…Moreover, sulfate content was detected using the low-cost, fast, and environmentally-friendly turbidimetric method of Torres et al, 2021 [37]. The FT-IR spectrum is indistinguishable and similar to the IR spectra of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from different Ulva species [23,30,34,[38][39][40][41][42]. The X-ray diffractogram showed sharp peaks at 2θ = 11 • , 17 • , 45 • , 57 • , and 72 • , which indicated that ulvan has a semi-crystalline nature [32].…”

Evaluating the Prebiotic Properties of Agar Oligosaccharides Obtained from the Red Alga Gracilaria fisheri via Enzymatic Hydrolysis

“…Agarases are a group of enzymes in the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family that catalyze the hydrolysis of agar. This enzyme can be divided into α-agarases and β-agarases according to its cleavage mechanism [6]. α-agarases are specific enzymes that cleave the α-1,3 linkage of agar and produce agar oligosaccharides with 3,6 anhydro-galactose at the reducing end.…”

“…Various depolymerization processes have been used to reduce the size of polysaccharides, including chemical depolymerization (acid hydrolysis and H 2 O 2 -induced depolymerization) [6][7][8], and enzymatic hydrolysis [9][10][11][12]) and physical depolymerization (e.g., thermal, microwave, γ-irradiation, and ultrasonication) [13,14]. Chemical depolymerization can produce undesirable by-products, such as furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), and large amounts of reducing sugars, when polysaccharides are hydrolyzed with strong acids at high temperatures over several hours.…”

“…Ulvan lyase (PL24, PL25, and PL28), alginate lyase, fucoidanase, glucanase, laminarinase, β-Mannanase, β-galactosidase, α-agarase, β-agarase, β-porphyranase, β-galactosidase, κ-carrageenase, ι-carrageenβase, λ-carrageenase, cellulase, and pectinase are specific hydrolytic enzymes that have also been successfully employed to produce oligosaccharides from seaweed. These enzymes can be produced by microorganisms from many sources, including seawater, seaweed, shellfish, soil, and the human gut [5,6,10,11,[15][16][17][18][19].…”