Prebiotic oligosaccharides directly modulate proinflammatory cytokine production in monocytes via activation of TLR4

Abstract

We conclude that prebiotics may act as TLR4 ligands or as indirect TLR4 modulators to upregulate cytokine secretion in monocytes.

Fructooligosaccharides exert intestinal anti-inflammatory activity in the CD4+ CD62L+ T cell transfer model of colitis in C57BL/6J mice

“…Although not explored so far as we can tell, it is possible that the contribution of dysbiosis is reduced in this model. In addition, we have established that FOS have direct immunomodulatory actions on intestinal epithelial cells and monocytes in the absence of bacteria [4,10], consistent with stimulation of innate immune defence. Although apparently incongruent, such an effect may be associated with a reduced inflammatory response by a prompt and efficient control of mucosa invading microorganisms and antigens [44].…”

“…Other properties of FOS include a favourable impact on lipidemia and metabolic syndrome, and a low caloric value [8,9]. In addition, microbiota-independent, direct effects on the intestinal mucosa have been described [3,4,10].…”

The toll-like receptor family protein RP105/MD1 complex is involved in the immunoregulatory effect of exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum N14

“…Some works reported immunoregulatory/anti-inflammatory effects of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides through TLR4 activation (Capitán-Cañadas et al, 2014;Kovacs-Nolan et al, 2013). The effects of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin were evaluated in splenocytes from TLR4 −/− and wild-type mice (Capitán-Cañadas et al, 2014).…”

The role of IL-10 in microbiome-associated immune modulation and disease tolerance

“…As we indicated, two potential candidates in this category are SCFA and PSA. Nevertheless, more investigation should be performed on bacterial metabolism as some sugars could have deleterious effects on the intestinal physiology as they facilitate the expansion of pathogenic enterobacteria [204] or directly act on host immune cells [205]. This raises the question of the metabolic interactions between the host and the microbiome, interactions that define the metabiome.…”