Pre-treatment of blood samples reveal normal blood hypocretin/orexin signal in narcolepsy type 1

Abstract

The hypocretin/orexin system regulates arousal through central nervous system mechanisms and plays an important role in sleep, wakefulness, and energy homeostasis. It is unclear whether hypocretin peptides are also present in blood due to difficulties in measuring reliable and reproducible levels of the peptides in blood samples. Lack of hypocretin signaling causes the sleep disorder Narcolepsy Type 1, and low concentration of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1/orexin-A peptide is a hallmark of the disease. This measurement has high diagnostic value, but performing a lumbar puncture is not without discomfort and possible complications for the patient. A blood-based test to assess hypocretin-1 deficiency would therefore be of obvious benefit. We here demonstrate that heating plasma or serum samples to 65 °C for 30 min at pH 8 significantly increases hypocretin-1 immunoreactivity enabling stable and reproducible measurement of hypocretin-1 in blood samples. Specificity of the signal was verified by high-performance liquid chromatography and by measuring blood samples from mice lacking hypocretin. Unspecific background signal in the assay was high. Using our method, we show that hypocretin-1 immunoreactivity in blood samples from Narcolepsy Type 1 patients does not differ from the levels detected in control samples. The data presented here suggest that hypocretin-1 is present in the blood stream in the low picogram/mL range and that peripheral hypocretin-1 concentrations are unchanged in Narcolepsy Type 1. The hypocretin/orexin system in the brain regulates sleep and wakefulness. Aegidius et al. have developed a simple test to measure hypocretin-1 peptide in blood samples, and show that peripheral hypocretin-1 concentrations are unchanged in Narcolepsy Type 1 despite being absent in the brains of these patients.