Pre-slaughter conditions influence skatole and androstenone in adipose tissue of boars

Wesoly, Raffael; Jungbluth, Ina; Stefanski, Volker; Weiler, Ulrike

doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.08.015

Cited by 37 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This concurs with the study of Wesoly et al (2015), who observed increased SKA and IND concentrations with longer pre-unloading time (time spent waiting for unloading at the slaughterhouse, which in the present study was incorporated into lairage time). Wesoly et al (2015) also reported increased AND concentration in fat with longer transport duration, but in the present study, transport duration did not significantly affect the odds for boar taint as assessed by an olfactory panel. In the present study, transport durations from the same farms were similar, which could clarify the lack of a link : mean values and standard error for P (boar taint) with each variable divided into equidistant categories, each dot indicates the P (boar taint) for the average of the corresponding category.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Stress may affect colonic function or SKA-degrading enzymes. Such short-term effects before slaughter have only recently been described and further research is needed in this area (Bailey et al, 2011;Maksymchuk and Chashchyn, 2012;Wesoly et al, 2015), especially as others have not found this link with skin lesions (Bekaert et al, 2012a;Prunier et al, 2013;Parois et al, 2015). Skin lesion score was no longer a significant factor in our multivariate model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…All factors were chosen because they are easily measured at time of slaughter and have been studied in relation with boar taint. Mörlein et al (2012) suggested that entire male pigs that experienced longer transport duration had higher AND, SKA and IND concentrations which was supported by the findings of Wesoly et al (2015). Skin lesions on the carcass (as a measure of aggressive behaviour during transport) have also been positively linked to SKA and IND , but another study found no link (Parois et al, 2015), whereas no significant correlation between skin lesions, measured in the home pen, and boar taint compounds was found in yet another study (Prunier et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Olfactory evaluation of boar taint: effect of factors measured at slaughter and link with boar taint compounds

Heyrman

Millet²,

Tuyttens³

et al. 2017

Animal

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There is a commitment by the European pig sector to ban surgical castration of male piglets in the European Union in 2018. One alternative to castration is to raise entire male pigs, with an increased risk of boar taint. A field study was performed to: (1) evaluate interand intra-farm variation in boar taint prevalence, (2) investigate factors measured at slaughter influencing boar taint and (3) evaluate the relationship between sensorial scoring by a trained panel and the concentration of boar taint components. From 34 farms, neck fat samples were collected from all entire male pigs in at least two slaughter batches per farm (78 batches; 9167 animals). In addition to olfactory boar taint analysis, data were also collected on fresh skin lesions (score 0 to 3) at the slaughter line, slaughter weight, lean meat percentage, duration of transport, time spent in lairage, total delivery duration, day length, shortening of days and outdoor mean temperature. Using the hot iron method, neck fat samples were scored (eight-point scale) for boar taint. Average boar taint prevalence (score ≥3) was 5.6 ± 2.5% and the mean difference between the maximum and minimum prevalence per farm was 4.3 ± 3.2%. Androstenone (AND), skatole (SKA) and indole concentrations were measured for a subset ( n = 254) of the samples. According to binomial univariate mixed models, entire male pigs with a higher skin lesion score had higher odds of having boar taint ( P = 0.031), as did fatter entire male pigs ( P < 0.001). In the binomial multivariate mixed model lean meat percentage ( P < 0.001) and outdoor mean temperature ( P = 0.005) remained as only significant factors. Based on our results, we can conclude that these statistically significant at least partially influence the prevalence of boar taint. According to the binomial univariate mixed models SKA concentration in liquid fat seems a better predictor for boar taint than AND. There were no significant synergetic effects between boar taint compounds.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Olfactory evaluation of boar taint: effect of factors measured at slaughter and link with boar taint compounds

Heyrman

Millet²,

Tuyttens³

et al. 2017

Animal

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“…However, variation in stage of puberty between animals as well as health status could be causable factors (Claus et al, 1994;Skrlep et al, 2012). Moreover, preslaughter conditions inducing stress is suggested to affect both skatole and androstenone concentrations (Wesoly et al, 2015), and even this is not accounted for in the present study, such conditions could vary between herds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Effect of faecal soiling on skatole and androstenone occurrence in organic entire male pigs

Thomsen

Edwards

Jensen

et al. 2015

Animal

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Production of entire male pigs could be a future strategy for organic pig production. However, production of entire males leads to increased risk of carcasses with elevated boar taint levels. It is hypothesized that skatole levels in pig meat are affected by faecal soiling and that organic housing facilities can increase the risk of pigs being heavily soiled. Therefore, the overall aim of this study was to investigate if increased pig and pen soiling increases skatole concentration in entire male pigs. In five herds, 1174 organic entire male pigs were reared in four batches across two seasons, summer and winter. Measurements of pig and pen soiling, as well as fat skatole and androstenone concentration and human nose sensory tests of fat odour, were performed. Skatole and androstenone concentrations varied greatly within and between herds with a 10% and 90% percentile for the overall population of 0.02 and 2.25 µg/g for skatole and 0.53 and 4.84 µg/g for androstenone. Human nose positive tests averaged 18.3% with great variation between herds and seasons. Pen soiling had significant effects on pig soiling. Moreover, outdoor pen soiling significantly affected skatole concentration in interactions with herd and season ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.003) and affected human nose positive risk in interaction with herd ( P = 0.005). Soiling on indoor pen areas did not affect skatole levels and no effect on androstenone was found for any pen area. Soiling of pigs affected both skatole and androstenone levels, with the size of the head and abdomen body areas covered in manure showing significant positive effects on skatole concentration. No effect of density of the manure layer was found on either boar taint measure. Herd significantly affected both skatole and androstenone in fat as well as the human nose positive risk. The human nose test revealed no effect from pig soiling. A large variation in the different boar taint measures was found for both high and low scores of pen and pig soiling, and only a small difference in skatole and androstenone concentrations between the high and low soiling categories was found. Therefore, while increasing the hygiene management could be a strategy for reducing boar taint in production of organic entire male pigs, it should be emphasized that other factors would also need to be considered.

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Stress in pigs: History, assessment, and interpretation

von Borell,

Raoult

2024

Advances in Pig Welfare

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Pre-slaughter conditions influence skatole and androstenone in adipose tissue of boars

Cited by 37 publications

References 41 publications

Olfactory evaluation of boar taint: effect of factors measured at slaughter and link with boar taint compounds

Olfactory evaluation of boar taint: effect of factors measured at slaughter and link with boar taint compounds

Effect of faecal soiling on skatole and androstenone occurrence in organic entire male pigs

Stress in pigs: History, assessment, and interpretation

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