Pre-ischemic treadmill training affects glutamate and gamma aminobutyric acid levels in the striatal dialysate of a rat model of cerebral ischemia

Autophagy suppression by exercise pretreatment and p38 inhibition is neuroprotective in cerebral ischemia

“…In our current study, the increased level of p62 showed exercise preconditioning restrained autophagy. Since less volumes of brain infarction in the pre-exercised MCAO group indicated the exercise-induced neuroprotection improved outcome of experimental stroke, which was consistent with previous studies (Ding et al, 2005;Guo et al, 2008;He et al, 2014;Jia et al, 2009;Liebelt et al, 2010). Suppression of autophagy induced by exercise preconditioning may be a novel target to rescued degenerative neurons after ischemia and reperfusion injury.…”

Effect of ginkgolide B on striatal extracellular amino acids in middle cerebral artery occluded rats

“…Studies have shown that in addition to the injury effect of glutamate, glycine also has the synergistic action, and its release may increase brain injury (Ohtani et al, 2000;Saransaari and Oja, 2001;Heurteaux et al, 2006;Masaya et al, 2007). GABA can inhibit the release of excitatory amino acids or resist excitotoxicity (Centonze et al, 2001;Wang et al, 2001;Saransaari and Oja, 2008;Jia et al, 2009). Therefore, synthetically analyzing the change of amino acids concentration and interrelationship will further understand the essence of cerebral lesion following ischemia.…”

Ischemic stroke, inflammation, iron overload – Connection to a hepcidin

“…Many mechanisms are involved in ischemia-induced brain injuries, such as oxidative stress, 3 increased intracellular calcium concentration, 4 inflammation, 5 and elevated excitatory amino acids. 6 Increased levels of free iron and ferritin have been observed in ischemic brain. 7 Elevated hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) expression causes high secretion of hepcidin.…”