Pre-harvest Viral Contamination of Crops Originating from Fecal Matter

Wei, Jie; Kniel, Kalmia E.

doi:10.1007/s12560-010-9050-5

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…At the preharvest level, contact with polluted irrigation water or organic fertilizers is possible (Wei and Kniel ). During harvest, in particular during handpicking of crops, an infected person can transmit the virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral outbreaks linked to fresh produce consumption: a systematic review

et al. 2018

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The number of reported illnesses linked to fresh produce has increased in several countries. Consumption of contaminated fresh produce represents a risk to public health in both developed and developing countries, but the impact will be disproportionate and likely to compound existing health disparities. For this reason, all countries should systematically collate and report such data through a disease surveillance system, in order to adopt risk management practices for reducing the likelihood of contamination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral outbreaks linked to fresh produce consumption: a systematic review

et al. 2018

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“…Norovirus, which is the most common cause of foodborne-disease outbreaks in the U.S., was detected in all MSS samples collected from five U.S. WWTPs (Simmons and Xagoraraki 2011). Although the detected burden of 3-7 viruses/g of dewatered MSS is low, this concentration may still pose a risk because many viruses (and some bacteria) have an infectious dose as low as 10 viral particles (Wei and Kniel 2010). Protozoa and parasites are usually unable to multiply in MSS as they need a biological host; however, some parasite oocysts and helminth ova can survive for up to a year in wastewater and possibly longer in MSS, as more nutrients are available in this matrix (Sidhu and Toze 2009).…”

Section: Future Applications Of the Nssrmentioning

confidence: 99%

United States National Sewage Sludge Repository at Arizona State University—a new resource and research tool for environmental scientists, engineers, and epidemiologists

Venkatesan

Done

Halden

2014

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Processed municipal sewage sludges (MSS) are an abundant, unwanted by-product of wastewater treatment, increasingly applied to agriculture and forestry for inexpensive disposal and soil conditioning. Due to their high organic-carbon and lipid contents, MSS not only is rich in carbon and nutrients but also represents a ‘sink’ for recalcitrant, hydrophobic and potentially bioaccumulative compounds. Indeed, many organics sequestered and concentrated in MSS meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's definition of being persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT). In a strategic effort, our research team at the Biodesign Institute has created the National Sewage Sludge Repository (NSSR), a large repository of digested MSSs from 164 wastewater treatment plants from across the USA, as part of the Human Health Observatory (H2O) at Arizona State University (ASU). The NSSR likely represents the largest archive of digested MSS specimens in the USA. The present study summarizes key findings gleaned thus far from analysis of NSSR samples. For example, we evaluated the content of toxicants in MSS and computed estimates of nationwide inventories of mass produced chemicals that become sequestrated in sludge and later are released into the environment during sludge disposal on land. Ongoing efforts document co-occurrence of a variety of PBT compounds in both MSS and human samples, while also identifying a large number of potentially harmful MSS constituents for which human exposure data are still lacking. Finally, we summarize new future opportunities and invite collaborative use the NSSR by the research community. The H2O at ASU represents a resource and research tool for environmental scientists and the larger research community. As illustrated in this work, this repository can serve to (i) identify and prioritize emerging contaminants; (ii) provide spatial and temporal trends of contaminants; (iii) inform and evaluate the effectiveness of environmental policy-making and regulations; and (iv) approximate, ongoing exposures and body burdens of mass-produced chemicals in human society.

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“…The annual cost associated with foodborne illness, including human morbidity and mortality, is estimated to range between $14.1 and $152 billion (4)(5)(6). Viruses, including norovirus and rotavirus, cause foodborne outbreaks, especially due to their persistence in the environment and their low infectious doses (10 to 100 particles) (7,8). Murine norovirus, Tulane virus, and sapovirus have been found to attach to the surface of or within the tissues of romaine lettuce and strawberries (9)(10)(11)(12)(13), which suggests that preharvest viral contamination is a public health concern.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We chose rotavirus as our model virus because it is a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, especially in children less than 5 years old (40). Although rotavirus vaccines have been used worldwide, rotavirus has been frequently detected in treated wastewater, river water, and fresh produce (8,(41)(42)(43). A better understanding of the survival of foodborne viral pathogens adhering to fresh produce will improve disinfection strategies for fresh produce and prevent foodborne illness.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Leaf Surface Chemical Properties on Efficacy of Sanitizer for Rotavirus Inactivation

Fuzawa

Palma-Salgado

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The use of sanitizers is essential for produce safety. However, little is known about how sanitizer efficacy varies with respect to the chemical surface properties of produce. To answer this question, the disinfection efficacies of an oxidant-based sanitizer and a new surfactant-based sanitizer for porcine rotavirus (PRV) strain OSU were examined. PRV was attached to the leaf surfaces of two kale cultivars with high epicuticular wax contents and one cultivar of endive with a low epicuticular wax content and then treated with each sanitizer. The efficacy of the oxidant-based sanitizer correlated with leaf wax content as evidenced by the 1-log 10 PRV disinfection on endive surfaces (low wax content) and 3-log 10 disinfection of the cultivars with higher wax contents. In contrast, the surfactant-based sanitizer showed similar PRV disinfection efficacies (up to 3 log 10 ) that were independent of leaf wax content. A statistical difference was observed with the disinfection efficacies of the oxidant-based sanitizer for suspended and attached PRV, while the surfactant-based sanitizer showed similar PRV disinfection efficacies. Significant reductions in the entry and replication of PRV were observed after treatment with either disinfectant. Moreover, the oxidant-basedsanitizer-treated PRV showed sialic acid-specific binding to the host cells, whereas the surfactant-based sanitizer increased the nonspecific binding of PRV to the host cells. These findings suggest that the surface properties of fresh produce may affect the efficacy of virus disinfection, implying that food sanitizers should be carefully selected for the different surface characteristics of fresh produce. IMPORTANCEFood sanitizer efficacies are affected by the surface properties of vegetables. This study evaluated the disinfection efficacies of two food sanitizers, an oxidant-based sanitizer and a surfactant-based sanitizer, on porcine rotavirus strain OSU adhering to the leaf epicuticular surfaces of high-and low-wax-content cultivars. The disinfection efficacy of the oxidant-based sanitizer was affected by the surface properties of the vegetables, while the surfactant-based sanitizer was effective for both high-and low-wax leafy vegetable cultivars. This study suggests that the surface properties of vegetables may be an important factor that interacts with disinfection with food sanitizers of rotaviruses adhering to fresh produce. There are 48 million estimated annual incidents of foodborne illness in the United States (1-3). Of these incidents, 128,000 cases require hospitalization and 3,000 result in death (1-3). The annual cost associated with foodborne illness, including human morbidity and mortality, is estimated to range between $14.1 and $152 billion (4-6). Viruses, including norovirus and rotavirus, cause foodborne outbreaks, especially due to their persistence in the environment and their low infectious doses (10 to 100 particles) (7,8). Murine norovirus, Tulane virus, and sapovirus have been found to attach to the surface of or within ...

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Pre-harvest Viral Contamination of Crops Originating from Fecal Matter

Abstract: Pre-harvest contamination of fresh produce and fruits is a possible route for viral transmission which should not be ignored.

Cited by 29 publications

References 112 publications

Viral outbreaks linked to fresh produce consumption: a systematic review

Viral outbreaks linked to fresh produce consumption: a systematic review

United States National Sewage Sludge Repository at Arizona State University—a new resource and research tool for environmental scientists, engineers, and epidemiologists

Effect of Leaf Surface Chemical Properties on Efficacy of Sanitizer for Rotavirus Inactivation

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