“…Organic dust extracts (ODE) from animal feeding operations induce a profound inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo with several prior studies demonstrating strong roles for Toll-like receptor (TLR) and MyD88 signaling pathways ( Charavaryamath et al., 2005 ; Charavaryamath et al., 2008 ; Charavaryamath et al., 2008 ; Poole et al., 2015 ). In airway epithelial cells, these exposures induce pro-inflammatory cytokine release, neutrophil influx, mucus metaplasia, alter tight junction expressions, disrupt cellular migration, and slow ciliary beat frequency ( Wyatt et al., 2008 ; Bhat et al., 2019 ; Johnson et al., 2020 ; Shrestha et al., 2021 ). It has also been demonstrated that CO 2 concentrations differentially effect the magnitude of inflammatory responses to ODE and various TLR ligands ( Schneberger et al., 2015 ; Schneberger et al., 2021 ).…”