“…Underground water and soil can be affected by the presence of CO, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons categorized into aliphatics, aromatics, resins (amides, sulfoxides, pyridines, quinolines, and carbazoles), and asphaltenes (phenols, ketones, esters, porphyrins and fatty acids) (Steliga, 2012;Yzquierdo-Ruíz et al, 2022). Aliphatic hydrocarbons usually comprise more than 75% of most crude oil, and they are biodegraded more rapidly than aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) (Bacosa et al, 2011).…”