Pre-eclampsia and risk of later kidney disease: nationwide cohort study

Kristensen, Jonas Henrik; Basit, Saima; Wohlfahrt, Jan; Damholt, Mette Brimnes; Boyd, Heather A.

doi:10.1136/bmj.l1516

Cited by 106 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…However, most studies in this systematic review reported strong associations even after controlling for, or excluding, women with prepregnancy hypertension 8,9,[27][28][29][30][31][35][36][37][38][39] or obesity. 28,32,33,35,39,42 Preeclampsia has been proposed as a cause of lasting vascular endothelial dysfunction, possibly associated with elevated levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, an antiangiogenic protein…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Long-term Maternal Kidney Disease

et al. 2020

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IMPORTANCE Adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and preterm delivery, are associated with increased risk of maternal cardiovascular disease. Little is known about whether adverse pregnancy outcomes are associated with increased risk of maternal chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). OBJECTIVE To review and synthesize the published literature on adverse pregnancy outcomes (hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and preterm delivery) and subsequent maternal CKD and ESKD. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from inception to July 31, 2019, for cohort and case-control studies of adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal CKD and ESKD. STUDY SELECTION Selected studies included the following: a population of pregnant women, exposure to an adverse pregnancy outcome of interest, and at least 1 primary outcome (CKD or ESKD) or secondary outcome (hospitalization or death due to kidney disease). Adverse pregnancy outcomes included exposure to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, or chronic hypertension), preterm delivery (<37 weeks), and gestational diabetes. Three reviewers were involved in study selection. Of 5656 studies retrieved, 23 were eligible for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS The Meta-analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were followed throughout. Three reviewers extracted data and appraised study quality. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to calculate overall pooled estimates using the generic inverse variance method. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes included CKD and ESKD diagnosis, defined using established clinical criteria (estimated glomerular filtration rate or albuminuria values) or hospital records. The protocol for this systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018110891). RESULTS Of 23 studies included (5 769 891 participants), 5 studies reported effect estimates for more than 1 adverse pregnancy outcome. Preeclampsia was associated with significantly increased risk of CKD (pooled adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 2.11; 95% CI, 1.72-2.59), ESKD (aRR, 4.90; 95% CI, 3.56-6.74), and kidney-related hospitalization (aRR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.03-6.77). Gestational hypertension was associated with increased risk of CKD (aRR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.11-2.01) and ESKD (aRR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.34-5.66). Preterm preeclampsia was associated with increased risk of ESKD (aRR, 5.66; 95% CI, 3.06-10.48); this association with ESKD persisted for women who had preterm (continued) Key Points Question Are adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with risk of longterm kidney disease in women? Findings In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 studies (5 769 891 participants), the risk of end-stage kidney disease was 4.9 times higher in women who had preeclampsia, and 3.6 times higher in women who had gestational hypertension vs women with normotensive pregnancies. The risk of end-stage kidney disease was 2.1 time...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Long-term Maternal Kidney Disease

et al. 2020

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“…Although spontaneous preterm delivery was independently associated with CKD and ESKD in our study, the results suggest that preeclampsia, and to a lesser extent SGA, has a greater impact on renal risk than preterm delivery. Preeclampsia has been reported to increase the risk of maternal CKD [22][23][24][25] and ESKD [11,13,15,22] previously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of long-term renal disease in women with a history of preterm delivery: a population-based cohort study

Barrett

McCarthy

Evans

et al. 2020

BMC Med

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Background: Preterm delivery is an independent risk factor for maternal cardiovascular disease. Little is known about the association between preterm delivery and maternal renal function. This study aimed to examine whether women who experience preterm delivery are at increased risk of subsequent chronic kidney disease (CKD) and endstage kidney disease (ESKD). Methods: Using data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register, singleton live births from 1973 to 2012 were identified and linked to data from the Swedish Renal Register and National Patient Register (up to 2013). Gestational age at delivery was the main exposure and treated as a time-dependent variable. Primary outcomes were maternal CKD or ESKD. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used for analysis. Results: The dataset included 1,943,716 women who had 3,760,429 singleton live births. The median follow-up was 20.6 (interquartile range 9.9-30.0) years. Overall, 162,918 women (8.4%) delivered at least 1 preterm infant (< 37 weeks). Women who had any preterm delivery (< 37 weeks) were at increased risk of CKD (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.39, 95% CI 1.32-1.45) and ESKD (aHR 2.22, 95% CI 1.90-2.58) compared with women who only delivered at term (≥ 37 weeks). Women who delivered an extremely preterm infant (< 28 weeks) were at increased risk of CKD (aHR 1.84, 95% CI 1.52-2.22) and ESKD (aHR 3.61, 95% CI 2.03-6.39). The highest risk of CKD and ESKD was in women who experienced preterm delivery + preeclampsia (vs. non-preeclamptic term deliveries, for CKD, aHR 2.81, 95% CI 2.46-3.20; for ESKD, aHR 6.70, 95% CI 4.70-9.56). However, spontaneous preterm delivery was also associated with increased risk of CKD (aHR 1.32, 95% CI 1.25-1.39) and ESKD (aHR 1.99, 95% CI 1.67-2.38) independent of preeclampsia or small for gestational age (SGA).

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“…Relatively little is known about its long-term effects on the kidney function later in life, and data available reveal conflicting results. While some studies report kidney dysfunction can be resolved in most women with a history of PE [10][11][12][13], it has been shown that some women with PE may experience decreased GFR and/or persistent proteinuria and/or increased risk of CKD after PE [9,[14][15][16][17][18], discrepancies which may be partly explained by differences in ethnicities, study design, definition of kidney function, and limited follow-up durations after pregnancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preeclampsia and the Ten-Year Risk of Incident Chronic Kidney Disease

et al. 2020

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Background: Although preeclampsia (PE), as an endothelial disorder can lead to renal dysfunction during pregnancy, results of studies focusing on the potential long-term potential effects of PE on renal function are insufficient and those available are controversial. This study investigated the incidence rate and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among women with prior history of PE compared with healthy controls in a long-term population-based study. Methods: This was a prospective population-based cohort study. Subjects were 1,851 eligible women, aged 20-50 years, with at least 1 pregnancy (177 women with prior-PE and 1,674 non-PE controls) selected from among the Tehran-Lipid and Glucose-Study-participants. A pooledlogistic-regression-model and Cox's-proportional-hazards-models were utilized to estimate the risk of CKD in women of both PE and without PE groups, after further adjustment for confounders. Results: Median and interquartile ranges for follow-up durations of the PE and non-PE groups were 7.78 (5.19-10.40) and 7.32 (4.73-11.00) years, respectively. Total cumulative incidence rates of CKD at the median follow-up time of each group were 35/100,000 (95% CI 25/100,000-50/100,000) and 36/100,000 (95% CI 32/100,000-39/100,000) in PE and non-PE women, respectively (p value = 0.90). Based on pooled-logistic-regression-analysis, OR of CKD progression (adjusted for age, body mass index [BMI], systolic blood pressure [SBP], and diastolic blood pressure [DBP]) for the PE group did not differ, compared to their non-PE counterparts (OR 1.04; p value = 0.80; 95% CI 0.77-1.40). Compared to non-PE women, wom-en with prior PE did not have higher hazard ratios (HRs) of developing CKD in the unadjusted model (unadjusted HR 1.1, 95% CI 0.83-1.69, p = 0.35), results which remained unchanged after adjustment for age, BMI, baseline SBP, and DBP. Conclusion: PE was not found to be a risk factor for CKD. More studies using a prospective cohort design with long-term follow-ups are needed to investigate the relationship between preeclamsia and CKD.

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Pre-eclampsia and risk of later kidney disease: nationwide cohort study

Cited by 106 publications

References 31 publications

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Long-term Maternal Kidney Disease

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Long-term Maternal Kidney Disease

Risk of long-term renal disease in women with a history of preterm delivery: a population-based cohort study

Preeclampsia and the Ten-Year Risk of Incident Chronic Kidney Disease

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