Pre-cooling Decreases Psychophysical Strain During Steadystate Rowing And Enhances Self-paced Performance In Elite Rowers

Johnson, Elizabeth A.; Sleivert, Gordon G.; Cheung, Stephen S.; Wenger, Howie

doi:10.1097/00005768-200505001-00896

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Core pre‐cooling by 0.7 °C resulted in ∼300 m greater running distance over 30 min in trained runners (Booth et al, 1997). Olympic‐calibre rowers performing a 1500 m ergometer test produced higher power outputs throughout each 500 m interval when torso pre‐cooling was provided during passive rest and 30 min warm‐up in a hot environment (Johnson et al, 2005). More tellingly, a ∼60‐min pre‐cooling period of water immersion, where skin temperature was decreased 5–6 °C without any changes in T c before exercise (albeit ∼0.3 °C lower from 15–25 min of exercise), resulted in greater cycling distances over a 30‐min self‐paced time trial (Kay et al, 1999).…”

Section: Thermal Perception and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Interconnections between thermal perception and exercise capacity in the heat

Cheung

2010

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Some models of exercise regulation suggest that exercise performance, rather than being solely limited by the attainment of fatigue in one or more physiological systems, is modulated by psychological factors. Extrapolating from such models, exercise capacity and voluntary performance during exercise in hot environments may be governed by a complex interplay between the physiological effects of hyperthermia along with psychological input stemming from the conscious perception of the thermal environment. Evidence is emerging for a neuroanatomical basis for peripheral and central thermal receptors to elicit both a distinct physiological response such as shivering or sweating along with being mapped into an overall subjective sensation of homeostasis. Experimental evidence supporting this interactivity includes the demonstration that physiological manipulations, such as an increased fitness, appear to confer an attenuation of thermal discomfort during whole-body exercise despite similar levels of physiological strain. At the same time, psychological interventions have proven effective in decreasing perceived thermal strain and extending exercise performance in hot environments. The purpose of this review was to survey the potential interactions between thermal perception and exercise performance in the heat.Humans have proven to be one of the most adaptable vertebrate species in the history of the planet, as evidenced by our ability to tolerate and thrive in a multitude of extreme environments -ranging from the dry heat of the desert or the high humidity levels of the tropics through to the extreme cold found in the polar regions and at high altitudes. Lacking physical (e.g. blubber, fur) or strategic (e.g. hibernation, torpor) adaptations as evidenced by other homeotherms, humans have primarily relied on the physiological responses of sweating, shivering, and alterations in blood flow. However, what makes humans unique and quite remarkable is their highly advanced capacity to behaviorally thermoregulate by such means as the creation of clothing and shelter and the use of tools. Using this combination of behavioral and physiological responses, humans are able to maintain a reasonably constant core body temperature (T c ) of 37 AE 1 1C throughout their lives despite a wide range of ambient temperatures, with generally efficient thermoregulation occurring throughout a T c range of 35-40 1C (Parsons, 1993). Danger occurs if the thermoregulatory system is inadequate, as hyperthermia can impair the physiological capacity for exercise and potentially heat injury and death. Exercise in hot and even temperate environments can also severely impair voluntary exercise performance, with significant decreases in tolerance time to exhaustion (Galloway & Maughan, 1997).Nevertheless, despite our complex behavioral adaptations to the environment, scientific understanding of the role of psychophysiological responses to thermal stimuli and their subsequent influence on exercise performance and tolerance in the cold or heat remains a c...

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Section: Thermal Perception and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Interconnections between thermal perception and exercise capacity in the heat

Cheung

2010

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…and women, respectively [9] (personal correspondence). Anecdotal evidence suggests that increasing the drag factor may cause increased BLC during an incremental rowing test [14], possibly involving functional sympatholysis of muscles producing greater forces at higher drag factors [6].…”

Section: Effects Of Drag Factor On Physiological Aspects Of Rowingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that considerations be made for drag factor with regard to V Emax . We chose to examine drag factors at the low end (D 100 ) of what is recommended for training and what the C2D is typically capable of producing [15]; and D 150 , equivalent to what the CNRT has prescribed to test its heavyweight oarswomen [9] (personal correspondence), slightly above the 140 upper limit of what is recommended for training by the ARA but well below the ergometer's 220 drag factor capability [15]. It is therefore difficult to infer with certainty that varying the drag factor within the ARA's 100 -140 guidelines has the potential to significantly affect any [4,18].…”

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Effects of Drag Factor on Physiological Aspects of Rowing

Kane

Jensen

Williams³

et al. 2008

Int J Sports Med

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This study examined the effects of two resistances, or "drag factors" on selected physiological variables during incremental progressive rowing tests (seven 3-min stages) on a Concept2 ergometer. Subjects were seven male and seven female university club rowers. Their mean age, body mass and height were 19.6 +/- 1.5 years, 72.7 +/- 8.0 kg, and 172.2 +/- 7.5 cm, respectively. Progressive tests were conducted using drag factors 100 (D100) and 150 (D150) before the spring racing season. Values were determined for the following physiological variables: ventilation (V.E), oxygen uptake (V.O2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLC), respiratory exchange ratio (R) and rowing economy (W/V.O2). Comparisons across all six submaximal stages showed no significant difference between D(100) and D(150) for any of the variables measured (p > .05). Maximal V.E(max) was significantly greater at D100 than D150 (p < .02). Maximal V.O(2), HR, BLC, R, stroke rate (SR) and W/V.O2 were greater at D100 than at D150, though not significantly so. The mean D100-D150 differences in V.E and SR for each stage were significantly correlated (r = 0.76, p < .01), suggesting drag factor may affect V.E via SR.

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“…Some of these cooling methods include water spray, 6,23,28 warm-air spray, 6 face fanning, 16,20,23,28 helicopter rotary-blade downdraft, 29 whole-body liquid cooling garments, 4,11,12 ice towels, 20 head-cooling units, 7,10,14,24 and cooling vests. 17,21,25,26,[30][31][32][33][34] These adjunctive cooling methods often are marketed as, and mistaken for, effective ways to rapidly reduce T c .…”

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confidence: 99%