Pre- and Perinatal Risk Factors in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Halmøy, Anne; Klungsøyr, Kari; Skjærven, Rolv; Haavik, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.013

Cited by 160 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Lower GA and low birth weight for boys were significantly related to ADHD only in our partially adjusted model, although early term deliveries remained significant in our fully adjusted model. Similar to most larger studies in the literature that support the correlation of ADHD by degree of prematurity, 16,17,29,30 we also suggest the need to recognize the effect of prematurity even in early term deliveries on subsequent behavior problems including ADHD, and parents requesting early delivery with no obstetric complication should be discouraged. 17,31,32 Gustafsson et al 14 reported only a weak correlation with perinatal, maternal, and fetal characteristics of children diagnosed with ADHD, and their study lacked power because of a small sample size.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…In our fully adjusted model, both preeclampsia and maternal genitourinary tract infections were associated with an elevated risk of ADHD irrespective of gender. Induction of labor has been associated with ADHD 16 and difficult behavior, 20 although no mechanism has been described. We confirmed this finding with an elevated risk irrespective of gender.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,8,9,11,12 However, population studies have shown varying results, from no elevated risk or low risk for ADHD due to perinatal factors 13,14 to an elevated risk associated with prematurity and postterm babies. 15,16 Recently there has been a focus on early term births (37-38 weeks' gestation), which may also increase the risk of ADHD. 17 Being first born has shown mixed results, from no increased risk 18 to nearly twice the risk of ADHD being reported.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Risk Factors by Gender Associated With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Silva

Colvin

Hagemann³

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

188

181

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BACKGROUND: Early environmental risk factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been increasingly suggested. Our study investigates the maternal, pregnancy, and newborn risk factors by gender for children prescribed stimulant medication for treatment of ADHD in Western Australia. METHODS: This is a population-based, record linkage case–control study. The records of all non-Aboriginal children and adolescents born in Western Australia and aged <25 years who were diagnosed with ADHD and prescribed stimulant medication (cases = 12 991) were linked to the Midwives Notification System (MNS) to obtain maternal, pregnancy, and birth information. The control population of 30 071 children was randomly selected from the MNS. RESULTS: Mothers of children with ADHD were significantly more likely to be younger, be single, have smoked in pregnancy, have labor induced, and experience threatened preterm labor, preeclampsia, urinary tract infection in pregnancy, or early term delivery irrespective of the gender of the child, compared with the control group. In the fully adjusted model, a novel finding was of a possible protective effect of oxytocin augmentation in girls. Low birth weight, postterm pregnancy, small for gestational age infant, fetal distress, and low Apgar scores were not identified as risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking in pregnancy, maternal urinary tract infection, being induced, and experiencing threatened preterm labor increase the risk of ADHD, with little gender difference, although oxytocin augmentation of labor appears protective for girls. Early term deliveries marginally increased the risk of ADHD. Studies designed to disentangle possible mechanisms, confounders, or moderators of these risk factors are warranted.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Risk Factors by Gender Associated With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Silva

Colvin

Hagemann³

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

188

181

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“…[1][2][3] The disabling symptoms often persist beyond childhood. 4,5 The development of the disorder is thought to have a strong heritable component. 6 However, environmental factors and gene-environment interaction play a notable role in the etiology of ADHD as well.…”

Section: What This Study Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 Studies concerning the ADHD risk of late preterm infants are significantly fewer and have yielded somewhat contradictory results. 4,[15][16][17][18] Poor fetal growth or being small for gestational age (SGA) also has been associated with neurodevelopmental problems and ADHD. 4,13,19,20 Most studies have analyzed the association between low birth weight and ADHD.…”

Section: What This Study Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preterm Birth and Poor Fetal Growth as Risk Factors of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Sucksdorff

Lehtonen

Chudal³

et al. 2015

Pediatrics

185

158

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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown an association between prematurity and attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Results concerning late preterm infants are controversial, and studies examining fetal growth represented by weight for gestational age are scarce. Our objective was to examine the association between gestational age by each week of fetal maturity, weight for gestational age, and ADHD.

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Association of Cesarean Delivery With Risk of Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders in the Offspring

et al. 2019

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Pre- and Perinatal Risk Factors in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Cited by 160 publications

References 52 publications

Environmental Risk Factors by Gender Associated With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Environmental Risk Factors by Gender Associated With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Preterm Birth and Poor Fetal Growth as Risk Factors of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Association of Cesarean Delivery With Risk of Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders in the Offspring

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