Practitioner Review: Early adversity and developmental disorders

Taylor, Eric; Rogers, Jody Warner

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00402.x

Cited by 61 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 122 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…Prenatal exposure to narcotic and non-narcotic drugs (Lewis, Misra, Johnson, & Rosen, 2004;Schiller & Allen, 2005) and maternal smoking (Taylor & Rogers, 2005) increased the risk of poor behavioural and physiological outcomes for an infant, however these factors were not more prevalent in the MMD cohort in this study.…”

Section: Socio Demographic Factorscontrasting

confidence: 53%

Perinatal Risk Factors for Mild Motor Disability

Hands

Kendall

Larkin

et al. 2009

International Journal of Disability, Development and Education

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The aetiology of mild motor disability (MMD) is a complex issue and as yet is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of perinatal risk factors in a cohort of 10-year-old boys and girls with (n = 362) and without (n = 1193) MMD. Among the males with MMD there was a higher prevalence of postpartum haemorrhage, caesarean section, low birth weight and stressful first year of life. Among the females with MMD, there was a higher prevalence of essential hypertension, anaemia, and threatened pre-term.Multivariable logistic regression revealed gender (male), anaemia, threatened pre-term birth (if female), and hypertension (if female) weakly explained MMD at 10 years. These results underscore the importance of considering gender differences in order to better understand the multiple influences on motor development.Keywords: Developmental Coordination Disorder; Gender differences; Motor disability; Maternal; Perinatal; Risk factors IntroductionMild motor disability (MMD) is a condition in which impairment in motor coordination cannot be explained by any known physical disorder or other diagnosed condition. The prevalence of this condition ranges from 6% to 22% depending on the terminology and assessment criteria used (for review see Cermak, Gubbay, & Larkin, 2002). The consequences of poor motor development have been well documented (Cantell, Crawford, & Doyle-Baker, 2008;Summers, Larkin, & Dewey, 2008); however, less is understood about the early risk factors for this condition and whether * Corresponding author. Email: bhands@nd.edu.au 2 B. Hands et al.they differ between boys and girls. Brain damage, heredity or genetic disposition, neurological impairment or a suboptimal environment have been implicated (Gubbay, 1975;Larkin & Hoare, 1991), although it is likely that more than one factor may contribute. Of interest to this article is the contribution of an infant's in-utero and early life experiences to their later motor development. A detailed examination of early childhood risk factors of MMD remains a distinctive gap in the literature, although the notion that some maternal and perinatal factors have the potential to contribute to suboptimal motor outcomes is not new.A higher incidence of birth-related factors such as prolonged labour, abnormal delivery, caesarean section, or use of forceps (Gubbay, 1975;Hoare, 1991) or childrelated factors such as toxaemia, jaundice, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm or overdue birth dates, or need for ventilation (Davis, Ford, Anderson, & Doyle, 2007;Hoare, 1991;Johnston, Short, & Crawford, 1987;Jongmans, Henderson, de Vries, & Dubowitz, 1993;Michelsson & Lindahl, 1993) have been noted among MMD children. As early as 1947, Gesell and Amatruda reported a higher incidence of birth injuries among children with motor difficulties. More recently, Hadders-Algra (2002) found that combinations of pre-and perinatal stressors, such as preterm birth or intrauterine growth restriction, resulted in differing levels of minor neurological dysfunction...

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Section: Socio Demographic Factorscontrasting

confidence: 53%

Perinatal Risk Factors for Mild Motor Disability

Hands

Kendall

Larkin

et al. 2009

International Journal of Disability, Development and Education

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“…We believe that the higher prevalence of malnutrition (9% in children ! 8 years) [23] , infectious diseases, and domestic violence also influence brain development [4] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to medical conditions, normal development is influenced by social factors such as poverty, malnutrition and neglect [3][4][5][6] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Delayed Neurodevelopment in Children from Bogotá, Colombia, South America

2007

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Background: Undiagnosed children with neurodevelopment delay disorders (NDD) frequently experience school difficulties, leading to school desertion or academic failure with subsequent familial, social and work-related problems. Methods: In 2004–2005, we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of developmental delay among preschoolers in Bogotá (Colombia); convenience samples in several socioeconomic areas of the city were screened to define the prevalence of NDD. Parents and teachers were interviewed to identify children with possible NDD. Selected children were evaluated with a neurodevelopmental abbreviated scale (EAD-1). Results: We screened 2,043 preschool children aged <60 months; 288 suspected cases were examined individually using the EAD-1 scale. One or more abnormal items (alert category) were found in 67 (23.3%) children, for an estimated prevalence of 32.8‰ children <5 years of age, including deficits in gross motor function (9.3‰), personal-social interactions (9.8‰), fine motor skills (10.3‰), auditory language delay (18.6‰) and overall delay (10.8‰). Conclusions: There is limited information regarding the prevalence of neurodevelopmental delay in nonindustrialized countries. The prevalence obtained in Bogotá, Colombia, is within the expected range; however, we identified NDD among apparently healthy children from nurseries and kindergartens, who had previously been undiagnosed and untreated. Lack of evaluation of developmental milestones in children in Colombia is a substantial public health problem that will require effective intervention.

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“…All the neurodevelopmental disorders have substantial genetic contributions as well as nonspecific environmental influences, all are commoner in boys than in girls (Taylor & Rogers 2005), and there is a high degree of comorbidity (Gilger & Kaplan 2001). Attempts to link individual disorders with specific evolutionary mechanisms (e.g.…”

Section: Developmental Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of hyperactivity, impulsivity and cognitive diversity

Williams

Taylor

2005

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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The evolutionary status of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is central to assessments of whether modern society has created it, either physically or socially; and is potentially useful in understanding its neurobiological basis and treatment. The high prevalence of ADHD (5-10%) and its association with the seven-repeat allele of DRD4, which is positively selected in evolution, raise the possibility that ADHD increases the reproductive fitness of the individual, and/or the group. However, previous suggestions of evolutionary roles for ADHD have not accounted for its confinement to a substantial minority. Because one of the key features of ADHD is its diversity, and many benefits of population diversity are well recognized (as in immunity), we study the impact of groups' behavioural diversity on their fitness. Diversity occurs along many dimensions, and for simplicity we choose unpredictability (or variability), excess of which is a well-established characteristic of ADHD.Simulations of the Changing Food group task show that unpredictable behaviour by a minority optimizes results for the group. Characteristics of such group exploration tasks are risk-taking, in which costs are borne mainly by the individual; and information-sharing, in which benefits accrue to the entire group. Hence, this work is closely linked to previous studies of evolved altruism.We conclude that even individually impairing combinations of genes, such as ADHD, can carry specific benefits for society, which can be selected for at that level, rather than being merely genetic coincidences with effects confined to the individual. The social benefits conferred by diversity occur both inside and outside the 'normal' range, and these may be distinct. This view has the additional merit of offering explanations for the prevalence, sex and age distribution, severity distribution and heterogeneity of ADHD.

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Practitioner Review: Early adversity and developmental disorders

Cited by 61 publications

References 122 publications

Perinatal Risk Factors for Mild Motor Disability

Perinatal Risk Factors for Mild Motor Disability

Prevalence of Delayed Neurodevelopment in Children from Bogotá, Colombia, South America

The evolution of hyperactivity, impulsivity and cognitive diversity

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