Practices associated with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza spread in traditional poultry marketing chains: Social and economic perspectives

The use of animals as a surveillance tool for monitoring environmental health hazards, human health hazards and bioterrorism

“…However, because it relies heavily on reports from veterinarians who receive little incentive for reporting, the data reported is frequently incomplete and delayed. Underreporting of disease suspicions is also known to be a major cause of disease control failure (FAO, 2011) and multiple studies have been conducted to better comprehend the decisionmaking processes behind underreporting so as to develop recommendations for improved passive surveillance (Bronner et al, 2014;Delabouglise et al, 2016;Paul et al, 2013;Sawford et al, 2012;Thompson et al, 2016). In contrast, active surveillance demands more time and resources and is thus less commonly employed.…”

Characteristics of commercial and traditional village poultry farming in Mali with a focus on practices influencing the risk of transmission of avian influenza and Newcastle disease

“…Both those practices are conducive to disease dissemination since poultry collectors typically visit several villages and may transport pathogens on their shoes or vehicles and since markets are hubs for pathogens (Wang et al 2006, Paul et al 2013). We did not identify any seasonality for sales or gifts of birds although other authors identified sale peaks in Burkina Faso, Malawi or Ethiopia, mostly in connection with religious and traditional feasts (Dessie and Ogle 2001, Kondombo et al 2003, Gondwe and Wollny 2007.…”

Family Farming and the Worlds to Come

“…Lessons learnt from the effort to control avian flu in Thailand (Paul et al 2013) have proved valuable. A study conducted in the district of Kon Krailat (Valeix 2012) identified social factors that explain the difference between the rationales of actors on the field and the official surveillance system for avian flu in the country.…”