Practice effects on coordination and control, metabolic energy expenditure, and muscle activation

Lay, Brendan; Sparrow, W.A.; Hughes, Kira; O’Dwyer, Nicholas

doi:10.1016/s0167-9457(02)00166-5

Cited by 141 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…For example, muscular tension is likely to be higher in a threat state than in a challenge state (Wright & Kirby, 2003), which has obvious implications for skilled motor performance. Further, Moore et al (2012) found that compared with a threat state, a challenge state was marked by more effective movement patterns (kinematics) and less muscular activation, widely recognized as contributing to successful motor performance (e.g., Lay, Sparrow, Hughes, & O'Dwyer, 2002). Based on recent findings, a full investigation on the potential psychophysiological mechanisms causing observed performance effects in challenge and threat states is warranted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Thrives Under Pressure? Predicting the Performance of Elite Academy Cricketers Using the Cardiovascular Indicators of Challenge and Threat States

Turner

Jones

Sheffield

et al. 2013

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

144

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This study assessed whether cardiovascular (CV) reactivity patterns indexing challenge and threat states predicted batting performance in elite male county (N = 12) and national (N = 30) academy cricketers. Participants completed a batting test under pressure, before which CV reactivity was recorded in response to egothreatening audio instructions. Self-reported self-efficacy, control, achievement goals, and emotions were also assessed. Challenge CV reactivity predicted superior performance in the Batting Test, compared with threat CV reactivity. The relationships between self-report measures and CV reactivity, and self-report measures and performance were inconsistent. A small subsample of participants who exhibited threat CV reactivity, but performed well, reported greater self-efficacy than participants who exhibited threat CV reactivity, but performed poorly. Also a small subsample of participants who exhibited challenge reactivity, but performed poorly, had higher avoidance goals than participants with challenge reactivity who performed well. The mechanisms for the observed relationship between CV reactivity and performance are discussed alongside implications for future research and applied practice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Thrives Under Pressure? Predicting the Performance of Elite Academy Cricketers Using the Cardiovascular Indicators of Challenge and Threat States

Turner

Jones

Sheffield

et al. 2013

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

144

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“…When learning to arm cycle Galna and Sparrow, 2006), leg cycle , row (Lay et al, 2002), and walk with ankle-foot orthoses (Sawicki and Ferris, 2008), metabolic expenditure decreased with repeated practice. Similarly, subjects can learn to walk backwards at faster speeds with Figure 6.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of Metabolic Cost during Motor Learning of Arm Reaching Dynamics

2012

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It is often assumed that the CNS controls movements in a manner that minimizes energetic cost. While empirical evidence for actual metabolic minimization exists in locomotion, actual metabolic cost has yet to be measured during motor learning and/or arm reaching. Here, we measured metabolic power consumption using expired gas analysis, as humans learned novel arm reaching dynamics. We hypothesized that (1) metabolic power would decrease with motor learning and (2) muscle activity and coactivation would parallel changes in metabolic power. Seated subjects made horizontal planar reaching movements toward a target using a robotic arm. The novel dynamics involved compensating for a viscous curl force field that perturbed reaching movements. Metabolic power was measured continuously throughout the protocol. Subjects decreased movement error and learned the novel dynamics. By the end of learning, net metabolic power decreased by ϳ20% (ϳ0.1 W/kg) from initial learning. Muscle activity and coactivation also decreased with motor learning. Interestingly, distinct and significant reductions in metabolic power occurred even after muscle activity and coactivation had stabilized and movement changes were small. These results provide the first evidence of actual metabolic reduction during motor learning and for a reaching task. Further, they suggest that muscle activity may not explain changes in metabolic cost as completely as previously thought. Additional mechanisms such as more subtle features of arm muscle activity, changes in activity of other muscles, and/or more efficient neural processes may also underlie the reduction in metabolic cost during motor learning.

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“…To date, little research has examined this assumption. Given that successful performance has been linked with lower muscular activation (Lay, Sparrow, Hughes, & O'Dwyer, 2002), a challenge state could cause better performance by encouraging lower activation of task-relevant muscles.…”

Section: Possible Underlying Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Champ or Chump?: Challenge and Threat States During Pressurized Competition

Moore

Wilson

Vine

et al. 2013

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

118

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The present research examined the immediate impact of challenge and threat states on golf performance in both real competition and a laboratory-based task. In Study 1, 199 experienced golfers reported their evaluations of competition demands and personal coping resources before a golf competition. Evaluating the competition as a challenge (i.e., sufficient resources to cope with demands) was associated with superior performance. In Study 2, 60 experienced golfers randomly received challenge or threat manipulation instructions and then performed a competitive golf-putting task. Challenge and threat states were successfully manipulated and the challenge group outperformed the threat group. Furthermore, the challenge group reported less anxiety, more facilitative interpretations of anxiety, less conscious processing, and displayed longer quiet eye durations. However, these variables failed to mediate the group–performance relationship. These studies demonstrate the importance of considering preperformance psychophysiological states when examining the influence of competitive pressure on motor performance.

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Practice effects on coordination and control, metabolic energy expenditure, and muscle activation

Cited by 141 publications

References 28 publications

Who Thrives Under Pressure? Predicting the Performance of Elite Academy Cricketers Using the Cardiovascular Indicators of Challenge and Threat States

Who Thrives Under Pressure? Predicting the Performance of Elite Academy Cricketers Using the Cardiovascular Indicators of Challenge and Threat States

Reduction of Metabolic Cost during Motor Learning of Arm Reaching Dynamics

Champ or Chump?: Challenge and Threat States During Pressurized Competition

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