Practice Effects on Commonly Used Measures of Executive Function Across Twelve Months

Basso, Michael R.; Bornstein, Robert A.; Lang, Jennifer M.

doi:10.1076/clin.13.3.283.1743

Cited by 197 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Prior studies have shown that figural memory tests, which measure a similar cognitive domain as the CVMT, demonstrate a significant practice effect on short-term readministration, while practice effects have generally not been reported for Trail's B. 36,37 Nevertheless, practice effects based upon procedural learning, (i.e., improved performance due to increasing familiarity with the test rules), cannot be excluded, particularly in this cohort of generally well-educated patients with high levels of occupational functioning. 38,39 Future longitudinal studies of cognitive function in chronic hepatitis C patients should incorporate tests with multiple alternate forms as well as a control group of patients not receiving antiviral therapy to minimize any potential procedural learning or practice effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive function does not worsen during pegylated interferon and ribavirin retreatment of chronic hepatitis C

et al. 2007

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Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon (peginterferon) and ribavirin can cause or exacerbate depression but its effects on cognitive function are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether treatment with peginterferon and ribavirin adversely impacts cognitive function in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Prior nonresponders to interferon were retreated with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin for 24 (n ‫؍‬ 177) or 48 weeks (n ‫؍‬ 57) in the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-term Treatment Against Cirrhosis trial. Cognitive function was prospectively assessed using a battery of 10 standardized neuropsychological tests at weeks 0, 24, 48, and 72. Cognitive impairment was defined based upon a global deficit score. The Beck Depression Inventory and Brief Symptom Inventory were used to assess mood status. The 57 subjects who completed 48 weeks of antiviral therapy reported significant increases in difficulty concentrating, emotional distress, and symptoms of depression, all of which improved after cessation of therapy [P < 0.0001, analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. Nonetheless, the frequency of cognitive impairment did not increase during the first 24 weeks of treatment in 177 patients (34% versus 32%, P ‫؍‬ 0.64) nor in the 57 patients completing 48 weeks of treatment (P ‫؍‬ 0.48, ANOVA). Conclusion: Retreatment of prior non-responders with peginterferon and ribavirin was not associated with objective evidence of cognitive impairment as measured by a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. The lack of cognitive impairment is reassuring and suggests that self-reported symptoms of cognitive dysfunction are more likely related to the systemic and psychiatric side effects of antiviral treatment rather than measurable changes in cognition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive function does not worsen during pegylated interferon and ribavirin retreatment of chronic hepatitis C

et al. 2007

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“…10,14,27 Longitudinal studies have typically used the verbal and semantic fluency task, which is not subject to practice effects. 54,55 Consequently, improvement in language function over time cannot be attributed solely to repeated test presentation. Mavaddat and colleagues 18 followed 47 patients with a favorable neurological outcome (ie, GOS scores of 4 or 5 corresponding to "moderate disability" and "good recovery," respectively) between 6 and 24 months after aSAH.…”

Section: Languagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although inhibition improved within 1 year after aSAH, cognitive flexibility and attention showed no improvement over the same time period. Results from longitudinal studies, however, must be interpreted with caution, because tests of executive function may be subject to practice effects (eg, Stroop test, 54 Trail Making Test, 54 Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 55 ). Studies that found improvement in response inhibition and cognitive flexibility over time 27,28 used the Stroop test and Trail Making Test, both of which may have practice effects.…”

Section: Executive Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive and Functional Outcome After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Al-Khindi

Macdonald

Schweizer

2010

Stroke

644

478

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Background and Purpose-Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a medical emergency characterized by the accumulation of blood in the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain. The acute treatment of aSAH is well documented but less is known about the long-term effects of aSAH on cognition and day-to-day functioning. Methods-We reviewed all studies in the past 10 years that have focused on the effects of aSAH on cognition and day-to-day functioning. Results-Sixty-one empirical studies examining cognitive and functional outcome in patients with aSAH met inclusion criteria. Survivors of aSAH commonly experience deficits in memory, executive function, and language. These cognitive impairments interact to affect patients' day-to-day functioning, including activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, return to work, and quality of life. Deficits in cognition and day-to-day functioning are further compounded by depression, anxiety, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. Conclusions-Much remains to be learned about the brain changes underlying cognitive and functional deficits, including the role of diffuse brain damage and secondary complications like vasospasm and elevated intracranial pressure. A consideration of these issues is necessary to obtain a better understanding of how aSAH affects cognition and day-to-day functioning in the long-term. (Stroke. 2010;41:e519-e536.)

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“…Thus, "improvements" in function may represent practice effects from repeated test administration, particularly on tests such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (see Chou et al, 2007) in which practice effects can be large even across a 1-year interval in testing (Basso et al, 1999). Furthermore, controlled studies of cognition during abstinence may help to clarify conflicting findings from a cross-sectional study, in which MA-using participants who were abstinent for 3 months had worse verbal memory performance than MA-using participants who were continuously using or had relapsed during treatment (Simon et al, 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Methamphetamine Dependence and Neuropsychological Functioning: Evaluating Change During Early Abstinence

Simon¹,

Dean²,

Cordova³

et al. 2010

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

102

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ABSTRACT. Objective: The purpose of this work was to assess neuropsychological functioning of individuals in early abstinence from methamphetamine dependence and to test for cognitive change over the first month of abstinence. Method: Methamphetamine-dependent subjects in very early abstinence from methamphetamine (4-9 days; n = 27) were compared with healthy comparison subjects (n = 28) on a test battery that evaluated five cognitive domains (attention/processing speed, learning/memory, working memory, timed executive functioning, and untimed executive functioning). A subsample of the methamphetaminedependent subjects (n =18), who maintained abstinence for 1 month, as well as a subsample of the comparison subjects (n = 21), were retested. Results: At the first assessment, the methamphetamine-dependent subjects showed significantly worse performance than the comparison group on a test of processing speed; they also performed 0.31 SDs worse than the control group on a global battery composite score (p < .05). After a month of abstinence, methamphetamine-dependent subjects demonstrated slightly more cognitive improvement than healthy control subjects on the entire cognitive battery, but this difference did not approach statistical significance (p = .33 (Gonzalez et al., 2004(Gonzalez et al., , 2007Hoffman et al., 2006;Kalechstein et al., 2003;Monterosso et al., 2005;Paulus et al., 2003;Salo et al., 2002Salo et al., , 2005Salo et al., , 2007Simon et al., 2000 Simon et al., , 2002Woods et al., 2005). In a meta-analysis of studies comparing individuals with MA abuse or dependence to healthy control subjects (Scott et al., 2007) Despite evidence provided by meta-analytic data, which is collapsed across studies, individual MA-dependent subjects vary in the severity of cognitive deficits they exhibit (Dean and London, 2010), and not all studies of MA-abusing subjects have demonstrated weaknesses. In one study, MA-dependent subjects (n = 44), who were abstinent for a week, did not significantly differ from matched comparison subjects (n = 28) on a battery of motor functioning, verbal memory, attention/processing speed, working memory, reaction time, and executive functioning (Chang et al

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Practice Effects on Commonly Used Measures of Executive Function Across Twelve Months

Cited by 197 publications

References 12 publications

Cognitive function does not worsen during pegylated interferon and ribavirin retreatment of chronic hepatitis C

Cognitive function does not worsen during pegylated interferon and ribavirin retreatment of chronic hepatitis C

Cognitive and Functional Outcome After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Methamphetamine Dependence and Neuropsychological Functioning: Evaluating Change During Early Abstinence

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