Borgdorff notes a "liberalization" of what is understood as research in the academic world, quoting the definition given by the European Joint Quality Initiative in its "Dublin descriptor" for third-cycle education:The word [research] is used in an inclusive way to accommodate the range of activities that support original and innovative work in the whole range of academic, professional and technological fields, including the humanities, and traditional, performing, and other creative arts. It is not used in any limited or restricted sense, or relating solely to a traditional "scientific method".
2A much broader range of activity than traditional scientific research is clearly identified here, even if it contains shadows of the research, science and technology policy histories that 07909_Ch03_p69-92.indd 71