Practicality of diversion path analysis

Abstract

One can define the safeguards system for nuclear material as the set of all protective actions taken to prevent or to deter attempts to divert nuclear material to unauthorized use" Maintenance of effective safeguards requires a program for routine assessment of plant safeguards systems in terms of their capabilities to satisfy safeguards aims. Plant internal control systems provide capabilities for detection of unprevented diversion and can provide assurance that diversion has not occurred. A procedure called Diversion Path Analysis (DPA) enables routine assessment of the capabilities of internal control systems in this regard and identification of safeguards problem areas in a plant. A framework for safeguards system design is also provided which will allow flexibility to accommodate individual plant circumstances while maintaining acceptable diversion detection capability. The steps of the procedure are described and the practicality of the analytical method is shown by referring to a demonstration test for a high throughput process where plant personnel were major participants. The boundary conditions for the demonstration case are given, along with some conclusions about the general procedure.

Limits to Cultural Accumulation: Chinese Capitalists on the American Pacific Rim

“…While Fei considered the dual identity of the Chinese capitalists as detrimental for society, other scholars have seen it as instrumental in modernizing China. Nurtured in colonial enclaves, the "hybrid" or "modernized" offspring of compradors were viewed as leaders who might have brought about a capitalist revolution in twentieth century China (Wang 1981;Murphey 1974). Instead, civil war and the communist victory in mainland China caused a diaspora of millions of Chinese throughout the Pacific Asia region.…”