Practical level of low-N/P ratio sodium metal batteries: On the basis of deposition/dissolution efficiency in the aspects of electrolytes and temperature

A comprehensive review on liquid electrolyte design for low-temperature lithium/sodium metal batteries

“…In addition to organic solvents, ionic liquid (IL) solvents have also attracted much attention due to their good thermal stability and extremely low volatility. 104–106 However, the high viscosity and slow ion transport limit the application of ionic liquid electrolytes (ILEs) at low temperatures. 107 Liu and colleagues drew inspiration from organic LHCEs to prepare a locally concentrated ionic liquid electrolyte (LCILE).…”

Unraveling the temperature-responsive solvation structure and interfacial chemistry for graphite anodes

“…25–28 Moreover, the variation of the temperatures can induce the corresponding changes in the coordination interaction of Li + with solvents and anions, leading to the transformation of the primary solvation structure of Li + . 29–32 The interaction between the electrolyte and the SEI becomes even more complex because the SEI formation process is closely linked to the reduction stability of the solvated components, especially when thermal reduction interferes at elevated temperature. 13,33 This highlights the significant effect of temperature on the solvation sheath and SEI film.…”

Unprotected Organic Cations─The Dilemma of Highly Li-Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes

“…Ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes, consisting entirely of cationic and anionic species, have emerged as strong candidates for advanced electrolytes. These electrolytes have been found to offer attractive functionalities due to their remarkable thermal and electrochemical stabilities and exceptional tunability achieved through cation and anion combinations and the selection of functional groups. − In line with contemporary electrolyte research trends, highly Li-concentrated IL (HCIL) electrolytes using sulfonylamide anions [bis­(fluorosulfonyl)­amide ([FSA] − ) and bis­(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)­amide ([TFSA] − )] have been reported to demonstrate advantageous characteristics, such as expanded electrochemical stability windows, high transference numbers of Li and Na ions, , high rate capability, enhanced cycling performance in high-voltage cells, and the formation of a stable electrolyte/electrode interphase in Li and Na metal-based batteries. − Extensive efforts have been undertaken to understand the enhanced Li + transport in the HCIL electrolyte. The clustering behavior of Li-anion pairs has been well investigated through experimental, theoretical, and computational methodologies. − Furthermore, a number of HCIL electrolytes employing [FSA] − and [TFSA] − anions have been noted to effectively suppress the side reactions between the electrolyte and the Al current collector.…”