Practical Implications of the Update to the 2015 Japan Standard Population: Mortality Archive From 1950 to 2020 in Japan

Tanaka, Hirokazu; Tanaka, Sayo; Togawa, Kayo; Katanoda, Kota

doi:10.2188/jea.je20220302

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The direct standardized method was used on the basis of the 2015 Japan Standard Population. 23 Mortality estimates calculated by weighted unique-key sample population were compared with complete mortality registry, to assess generalization of mortality.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Educational inequalities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Japan: national census-linked mortality data for 2010–15

Tanaka,

Katanoda,

Togawa

et al. 2024

International Journal of Epidemiology

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Background Due to the lack of a national mortality inequality monitoring framework, the overall picture in Japan remains unclear. Here, we investigated educational inequalities in mortality and their cause-specific contribution in Japan. Method Data were obtained by linking the 2010 Japanese population census and death records between 1 October 2010 and 30 September 2015. We included 7 984 451 Japanese people aged 30–79 years who had a unique ‘matching key’ generated by sex, birth year/month, address (municipality), marital status and age of spouse (9.9% of the total census population). We computed population-weighted all-cause and cause-specific age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) by education level. In addition, we calculated the slope index of inequality (SII), relative index inequality (RII) by education level, and population attributable fraction (PAF) referenced with the highest education (e.g. university graduation). Results Individuals with less education had higher all-cause and cause-specific ASMRs than highly educated individuals. All-cause SII (per 100 000 person-years) values were 433 (95% CI: 410–457) for men and 235 (95% CI: 217–252) for women. RII values were 1.48 (95% CI: 1.45–1.51) for men and 1.47 (95% CI: 1.43–1.51) for women. Estimated PAFs, excess premature deaths caused by educational inequalities, were 11.6% for men and 16.3% for women, respectively. Cerebrovascular diseases, ischaemic heart diseases and lung cancer were the major contributors to mortality inequalities for both sexes. Conclusions This first census-based comprehensive report on cause-specific educational mortality inequalities suggested that differences in unfavourable health risk factors by educational background might be associated with these inequalities in Japan.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Educational inequalities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Japan: national census-linked mortality data for 2010–15

Tanaka,

Katanoda,

Togawa

et al. 2024

International Journal of Epidemiology

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“…We calculated age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) for all causes of death combined and cause-specific deaths for major causes from 1995 to 2021 to assess trends in mortality rates. ASMRs were calculated using the 2015 Japan Standard Population 5. We further calculated the annual percent changes in ASMRs before and during the early part of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 and 2021).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality trends in Japan: a reversal in 2021? A descriptive analysis of national mortality data, 1995–2021

Tanaka,

Togawa,

Katanoda

2023

BMJ Open

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ObjectiveThe COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in mortality in most countries in 2020, deviating from prior decreasing trends. In Japan, however, mortality was suggested to decrease in 2020. This study investigated long-term mortality trends and cause-specific contributions, focusing on the period of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.DesignWe analysed Japanese age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) from 1995 to 2021 using vital statistics.Main outcome measuresThe cause-specific annual ASMR changes were calculated in comparison with the previous year over the abovementioned period.ResultsThere was a general downward trend in overall ASMR for both sexes until 2020 followed by a small increase in 2021. In men, the all-cause ASMR (per 100 000 persons) decreased from 1352.3 to 1328.8 in 2020 (−1.74% from 2019), and increased to 1356.3 in 2021 in men (+2.07% from 2020). In women, the all-cause ASMR decreased from 746.0 to 722.1 in 2020 (−3.20% from 2019), and increased to 737.9 (+2.19% from 2020) in 2021. ASMRs from malignant neoplasms, pneumonia, accidents and suicide (men only) continued to decrease during the COVID-19 pandemic while the trend of cardiovascular mortality increased in 2021. Analysis of ASMR changes revealed that COVID-19, senility, cardiovascular disease and ‘other causes not classified as major causes’ contributed to the all-cause mortality increase in 2021.ConclusionsIn Japan, the decreasing trend in overall mortality continued in 2020 despite the COVID-19 pandemic. However, approximately 2% mortality increase was observed in 2021, which was attributable to COVID-19, senility, cardiovascular disease and ‘other causes’. The year 2021 was a turning point of mortality trends in Japan, although continued monitoring is warranted.

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“…5 ) The estimated age-adjusted nationwide incidence and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated based on the 2015 Japan Standard Population. 6 , 7 ) Explanatory variables for multivariable logistic regression models were restricted to ≈10% of patients in the less frequent category. 8 ) Variables were chosen a priori based on clinical relevance among factors with p values of <0.10 in the univariate analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and Outcomes of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Multicenter Retrospective Registry-based Descriptive Trial in Kobe City

OHTA,

MATSUMOTO,

FUKUMITSU

et al. 2023

Neurol. Med. Chir.(Tokyo)

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The current study aims to evaluate the incidence and results of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) throughout Kobe City. Based on a multicenter retrospective registry-based descriptive trial involving all 13 primary stroke centers in Kobe City, patients with aSAH treated between October 2017 and September 2019 were studied. A total of 334 patients were included, with an estimated age-adjusted incidence of 11.12 per 100,000 person-years. Curative treatment was given to 94% of patients, with endovascular treatment (51%) preferred over surgical treatment (43%). Of the patients, 12% were treated by shunt surgery for sequential hydrocephalus with a worse outcome at 30 days or discharge (14% vs. 46%, odds ratio (OR): 0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.088-0.39, p-value <0.001). As for vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia, most patients were given intravenous fasudil infusion (73%), with endovascular treatment for vasospasm in 24 cases (7.2%). The fasudil group had more good outcomes (42% vs. 30%, OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 0.95-2.87, p-value = 0.075) and significantly less death (3.3% vs. 35%, OR: 0.064, 95% CI: 0.024-0.15, p-value <0.001) at 30 days or discharge. Mortality rose from 12% at 30 days or discharge to 17% at 1 year, but neurological function distribution improved over time (modified Rankin Scale 0-2 was 39% at 30 days or discharge, 53% at 60 days, and 63% at 1 year). Our retrospective registered trial presented various statistics on aSAH, summarizing the current treatment status and prognosis.

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Practical Implications of the Update to the 2015 Japan Standard Population: Mortality Archive From 1950 to 2020 in Japan

Abstract: This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record.

Cited by 10 publications

References 2 publications

Educational inequalities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Japan: national census-linked mortality data for 2010–15

Educational inequalities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Japan: national census-linked mortality data for 2010–15

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality trends in Japan: a reversal in 2021? A descriptive analysis of national mortality data, 1995–2021

Incidence and Outcomes of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Multicenter Retrospective Registry-based Descriptive Trial in Kobe City

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