Practical evaluation of resistivity of concrete in test cylinders using a Wenner array probe

Morris, Walter; Moreno, E.I.; Sagüés, Alberto A.

doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(96)00175-5

Cited by 176 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…It is evident from Table 4 that average ratio ranges in between 2.25 to 2.66 from 7 to 161 days. Overall, the ratio of surface vs. bulk resistivity is in good agreement with the theoretical geometric correction factor of 2.63 proposed by Morris et al(1996), for a cylinder with a length of 200 mm (8 inches), diameter of 100 mm (4 inches) and probe spacing of 50 mm (2 inches). The average ratio is little smaller than 2.63 at early ages.…”

Section: Measurement Of Bulk Electrical Resistivitysupporting

confidence: 87%

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Correlation Between Bulk and Surface Resistivity of Concrete

Ghosh

Tran

2014

Int J Concr Struct Mater

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Electrical resistivity is an important physical property of portland cement concrete which is directly related to chloride induced corrosion process. This study examined the electrical surface resistivity (SR) and bulk electrical resistivity (BR) of concrete cylinders for various binary and ternary based high-performance concrete (HPC) mixtures from 7 to 161 days. Two different types of instruments were utilized for this investigation and they were 4 point Wenner probe meter for SR and Merlin conductivity tester for bulk resistivity measurements. Chronological development of electrical resistivity as well as correlation between two types of resistivity on several days was established for all concrete mixtures. The ratio of experimental surface resistance to bulk resistance and corresponding resistivity was computed and compared with theoretical values. Results depicted that bulk and SR are well correlated for different groups of HPC mixtures and these mixtures have attained higher range of electrical resistivity for both types of measurements. In addition, this study presents distribution of surface and bulk resistivity in different permeability classes as proposed by Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) specification from 7 to 161 days. Furthermore, electrical resistivity data for several HPC mixtures and testing procedure provide multiple promising options for long lasting bridge decks against chloride induced corrosion due to its ease of implementation, repeatability, non-destructive nature, and low cost.

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Section: Measurement Of Bulk Electrical Resistivitysupporting

confidence: 87%

“…ð 3Þ Morris et al (1996) developed the geometry correction factor for specific cylinder sizes and the ratio of two different types of resistivity is computed as 2.63. As a result, the ratio of theoretical surface and bulk resistance can be calculated as: Tables 2 and 3.…”

Section: Measurement Of Bulk Electrical Resistivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation Between Bulk and Surface Resistivity of Concrete

Ghosh

Tran

2014

Int J Concr Struct Mater

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“…Both a size correction and the recommended correction for limewater curing [59,67] were applied to the measured data to produce the values shown in the table. Usually, if an aggregate is not prone to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) or freeze-thaw damage and spalling, the aggregate effect on concrete durability is ignored.…”

Section: Hardened Concrete Resistivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of aggregate characteristics on concrete performance

Bentz¹,

Arnold²,

Boisclair³

et al. 2017

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While the influence of paste properties on concrete performance has been extensively studied and in many cases reduced to quantitative relationships (e.g., Abram's law), that between aggregate characteristics and concrete performance has not been investigated in detail. Based on previous research that demonstrated significant strength differences for two similar concrete mixtures, one prepared with limestone aggregates and the other with siliceous gravel, a joint study between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) was initiated to explore in detail the influence of aggregate source, mineralogy, and material properties on concrete performance. Eleven aggregates of differing mineralogy were identified and obtained both for bulk characterization and for incorporation into two concrete mixtures. The first concrete mixture was based on a 100 % ordinary Type I/II portland cement (OPC), while the second consisted of a ternary 60:30:10 volumetric blend of this cement with 30 % of a Class C fly ash and 10 % of a fine limestone powder. This latter sustainable mixture had exhibited exemplary performance in a previous study. Aggregates were characterized with respect to mechanical and thermomechanical properties, geometrical characteristics, and surface energies. For the prepared concretes, mechanical, thermomechanical, and electrical properties were measured at different ages out to 91 d and microstructural examinations were conducted to examine the interfaces between aggregates and cement paste. Concrete performance varied widely amongst the different aggregates, with the (range/average) ratio for 28-d compressive strength being 0.32 for the OPC concretes and 0.37 for those based on the ternary blend binder. With the exceptions of relating concrete modulus to aggregate modulus and concrete coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) to aggregate CTE, weak correlations were generally obtained between a single aggregate characteristic and concrete performance properties. Models to predict 28-d compressive strength based on the aggregates' CTE (and aggregate absorption in the case of the ternary blend mixtures) provided predictions with a relative standard error (standard error/mean) of about 7 %. It is suggested that aggregate and binder characteristics control the bond between aggregates and paste. Then, for most properties, concrete performance is primarily controlled by the level of this bonding, a characteristic that was only assessed in an indirect manner in the present study. Research using non-linear ultrasonic measurements to better assess this bonding in specimens remaining from the present study is currently underway.

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“…Electrical testing has many advantages due to the low cost of testing equipment and short time duration that is needed to perform the test. However, the testing geometry (Morris, Moreno, & Sagü és, 1996;Spragg et al, 2012), the testing temperature (Julio-Betancourt & Hooton, 2004;Liu & Presuel-Moreno, 2014;Spragg et al, 2012;Spragg, Villani, et al, 2013), the degree of saturation of the sample Spragg, Villani, et al, 2013;Weiss et al, 2012;Weiss, Shane, Mieses, Mason, & Shah, 1999), and the pore solution concentration/leaching Spragg et al, 2012;Spragg, Villani, et al, 2013) must be considered in order to properly interpret the results. While the influence of many of these variables can be minimized through standardization, it is crucial that they are properly considered for.…”

Section: Use Of Electrical Resistivity To Assess Freeze-thaw Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

Early Detection of Joint Distress in Portland Cement Concrete Pavements

Harris¹,

Farnam²,

Spragg³

et al. 2015

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The Joint Transportation Research Program serves as a vehicle for INDOT collaboration with higher education institutions and industry in Indiana to facilitate innovation that results in continuous improvement in the planning, design, construction, operation, management and economic efficiency of the Indiana transportation infrastructure. https://engineering.purdue.edu/JTRP/index_html AbstractINDOT (as well as several surrounding states) have observed that certain concrete pavements may show a susceptibility to joint deterioration. Unfortunately, by the time that this joint deterioration is observed it is often too late and costly partial depth repairs are needed. The deterioration is generally occurring in the joint behind the backer rod and joint sealant; as such, it is difficult to detect even if one is standing directly above the joint. This project investigated the use of electrical resistivity and ground penetrating radar as two techniques to detect premature joint deterioration. The thought process was that if the joint deterioration is determined at an early stage, low cost corrective actions can be taken to extend the life of the concrete. The electrical response was measured for mortars subjected to a temperature cycle from 23 °C to -35 °C, with varying degrees of saturation, and varying salt concentrations. The resistivity increased as the degree of saturation was reduced due to the reduction in the volume of the conductive medium and increase in tortuosity. Changes in resistivity were detected when cracking occurred in the sample. The magnitude of these changes was similar to that detected using changes in the ultrasonic wave speed. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used effectively to detect fluid accumulation in the saw-cut joint behind the joint sealant. The typical GPR waveforms are however difficult and time consuming to interpret. A signal processing approach called, referred to as the CID, was used to obtain a single number that reflects the potential for fluid in the joint. Scalar waveform features and the computed CID can be used to estimate which joints may contain fluid thereby providing insights into which joint sealant sections may need to be repaired or when a sufficient number of joints may contain fluid suggesting a larger joint maintenance effort be performed to seal the joints or the concrete.17.

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Practical evaluation of resistivity of concrete in test cylinders using a Wenner array probe

Cited by 176 publications

References 4 publications

Correlation Between Bulk and Surface Resistivity of Concrete

Correlation Between Bulk and Surface Resistivity of Concrete

Influence of aggregate characteristics on concrete performance

Early Detection of Joint Distress in Portland Cement Concrete Pavements

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