Practical Evaluation of Commercial Rubber Carbon Blacks by X-Ray Diffraction

Carbon Black Loaded GR-S Stocks - Relationship Between Reinforcement and Swelling Properties

“…In 1942, Meissner and Redding (5) presented a number of equations for the prediction of critical constants; for critical temperatures, a knowledge of the boiling point was required, the critical volume is given as a function of Sugden's parachor, and the critical pressure is related to both critical temperature and critical volume.…”

“…The interaction between filler and rubber has been postulated as purely physical, depending upon van der Waals' type adsorptive forces (1, 5,14,22). The assumption of chemical bonding of a primary-valence type between reinforcing filler particles and rubber has been proposed by Naunton and Waring (15) who state, "With regard to the mechanism of reinforcment, the authors prefer to regard reinforcement as a type of vulcanization rather than to regard vulcanization as a type of reinforcement.…”

Commercial and Experimental Carbon Blacks An X-Ray Comparison.

“…Spectroscopic graphite 1-2 50% 1-1, 50% [1][2][3][4] 1-3 25% 1-1, 75% Fine thermal furnace black P-33…”

“…(sin ) = 0.16 X/La (correction of position of 2 for using Bragg equation) (3) a indicates the a direction, the direction in planes of the hexagons, the [10] direction. c indicates the c direction, the direction perpendicular to the planes of the hexagons, the [002] direction.…”