Practical considerations of retroreflector choice in modulating retroreflector systems

Advanced characterization of electrowetting retroreflectors

“…5(a) present the largest possible effective aperture for retroreflection at normal incidence (φ ext =0°) and correspondingly provide the highest retroreflected intensity I(0°) [11]. Theoretically, the retroreflected intensity decreases to half the maximum at φ 1/2~ ±10° for a hollow corner cube retroreflector [12]. The decrease in intensity with increasing incidence angle is predicted by Eq.…”

“…Where, φ int =sin −1 [sin(φ ext )/η oil ]; Filling the hollow corner cubes with refractive media (η oil >~1.4), results in increasing the viewing angle (φ 1/2 ) to >15°. This is because the external incidence angle (φ ext ) is reduced internally (φ int < φ ext ) via refraction [1,12].…”

High Quality Pseudomorphic In 0.24 GaAs/GaAs Multi-Quantum-Well and Large-Area Transmission Electro-Absorption Modulators

“…In such communication links, a modulator is used in conjunction with an optical retro-reflecting system, so that a remote laser directed at the system passes through the modulator, being imprinted with a data signal, and returns to the remote station, allowing readout of the data. [3] Some laboratories have worked on the development of modulator retroreflecting (MRR) systems based on multiple-quantumwell (MQW) modulators. [1,3] This kind of transmission modulator is easier to grow and fabricate than the resonant-cavity enhanced modulator.…”

“…[3] Some laboratories have worked on the development of modulator retroreflecting (MRR) systems based on multiple-quantumwell (MQW) modulators. [1,3] This kind of transmission modulator is easier to grow and fabricate than the resonant-cavity enhanced modulator. [4] Since reverse biases of tens of volts are typically required to drive the MQW modulator devices, a leakage of even 1 mA results in power dissipation in tens of milliwatt.…”