Practical Chemical Sensors from Chemically Derived Graphene

Fowler, Jesse D.; Allen, Matthew J.; Tung, Vincent; Yang, Yang; Kaner, Richard B.; Weiller, Bruce H.

doi:10.1021/nn800593m

Cited by 1,373 publications

(911 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…For example, gas sensors from a graphene-based FET can perform with high sensitivity and low noise. The detection mechanism is due to adsorbed molecules transferring charge to the graphene sheet and changing its resistivity [157][158][159] .…”

Section: Molecular Sensing Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides

et al. 2012

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699M any two-dimensional (2D) materials exist in bulk form as stacks of strongly bonded layers with weak interlayer attraction, allowing exfoliation into individual, atomically thin layers 1 . The form receiving the most attention today is graphene, the monolayer counterpart of graphite. The electronic band structure of graphene has a linear dispersion near the K point, and charge carriers can be described as massless Dirac fermions, providing scientists with an abundance of new physics 2,3 . Graphene is a unique example of an extremely thin electrical and thermal conductor 4 , with high carrier mobility 5 , and surprising molecular barrier properties 6,7 .Many other 2D materials are known, such as the TMDCs 8,9 , transition metal oxides including titania-and perovskite-based oxides 10,11 , and graphene analogues such as boron nitride (BN) 12,13 . In particular, TMDCs show a wide range of electronic, optical, mechanical, chemical and thermal properties that have been studied by researchers for decades 9,14,15 . There is at present a resurgence of scientific and engineering interest in TMDCs in their atomically thin 2D forms because of recent advances in sample preparation, optical detection, transfer and manipulation of 2D materials, and physical understanding of 2D materials learned from graphene.The 2D exfoliated versions of TMDCs offer properties that are complementary to yet distinct from those in graphene. Graphene displays an exceptionally high carrier mobility exceeding 10 6 cm 2 V -1 s -1 at 2 K (ref. 16) and exceeding 10 5 cm 2 V -1 s -1 at room temperature for devices encapsulated in BN dielectric layers 5 ; because pristine graphene lacks a bandgap, however, fieldeffect transistors (FETs) made from graphene cannot be effectively switched off and have low on/off switching ratios. Bandgaps can be engineered in graphene using nanostructuring [17][18][19] , chemical functionalization 20 and applying a high electric field to bilayer graphene 21 , but these methods add complexity and diminish mobility. In contrast, several 2D TMDCs possess sizable bandgaps around 1-2 eV (refs 9,14), promising interesting new FET and optoelectronic devices.TMDCs are a class of materials with the formula MX 2 , where M is a transition metal element from group IV (Ti, Zr, Hf and so on), group V (for instance V, Nb or Ta) or group VI (Mo, W and so on), and X is a chalcogen (S, Se or Te). These materials form layered structures of the form X-M-X, with the chalcogen atoms in two hexagonal planes separated by a plane of metal atoms, as shown in Fig. 1a. Adjacent layers are weakly held together to form the bulk crystal in a variety of polytypes, which vary in stacking orders and metal atom coordination, as shown in Fig. 1e. The overall symmetry of TMDCs is hexagonal or rhombohedral, and the metal atoms have octahedral or trigonal prismatic coordination. The electronic properties of TMDCs range from metallic to semiconducting, as summarized in Table 1. There are also TMDCs that exhibit exotic behaviours such as charge density waves ...

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Section: Molecular Sensing Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides

et al. 2012

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“…Thirdly, graphene has very few crystal defects, which could come up with noise by thermal minimum [45,46]. Finally, large-area ohmic contacts observed in graphene contribute to the reduction of resistance, resulting in making the measurements more convenient [44,47].…”

Section: Graphene Based Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prospective Two-Dimensional Graphene Nanosheets: Preparation, Functionalization and Applications

et al. 2012

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Abstract:Graphene, as an intermediate phase between fullerene and carbon nanotube, has aroused much interests among the scientific community due to its outstanding electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties. With excellent electrical conductivity of 6000 S/cm, which is independent on chirality, graphene is a promising material for high-performance nanoelectronics, transparent conductor, as well as polymer composites. On account of its Young's Modulus of 1 TPa and ultimate strength of 130 GPa, isolated graphene sheet is considered to be among the strongest materials ever measured. Comparable with the single-walled carbon nanotube bundle, graphene has a thermal conductivity of 5000 W/(m·K), which suggests a potential application of graphene in polymer matrix for improving thermal properties of the graphene/polymer composite. Furthermore, graphene exhibits a very high surface area, up to a value of 2630 m 2 /g. All of these outstanding properties suggest a wide application for this nanometer-thick, two-dimensional carbon material. This review article presents an overview of the significant advancement in graphene research: preparation, functionalization as well as the properties of graphene will be discussed. In addition, the feasibility and potential applications of graphene in areas, such as sensors, nanoelectronics and nanocomposites materials, will also be reviewed.

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“…1,2 For example, in a single layer of graphene electrons behave as massless Dirac fermions, resulting in potential applications for sensors, high mobility transistors, transparent conducting electrodes, and photocatalyst supports. [3][4][5] This has sparked much recent interest toward understanding how the bulk properties of other layered van der Waals bonded crystal structures (MoS2, WS2, Bi2Se3, BN, etc…) change when prepared as isolated individual sheets. 6,7 For example, bulk MoS2 normally has an indirect band gap at 1.29 eV, whereas isolated single layers of MoS2 have a direct gap (1.8 eV).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…13 Other Group IV layered lattices, may maintain appreciable conductivity when the atoms are in the sp 3 -hybridized state. Recently, single-layer thick sp 2 and sp 3 group IV systems have attracted considerable theoretical and experimental interest. [14][15][16][17] It has been previously shown that layered Zintl phases such as CaSi2 and CaGe2 can be topochemically deintercalated in aqueous HCl at low temperatures to produce layered silicon and germanium solids.…”

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confidence: 99%

Stability and Exfoliation of Germanane: A Germanium Graphane Analogue

et al. 2013

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Graphene's success has shown that it is not only possible to create stable, single-atom thick sheets from a crystalline solid, but that these materials have fundamentally different properties than the parent material. We have synthesized for the first time, mm-scale crystals of a hydrogen-terminated germanium multilayered graphane analogue (germanane, GeH) from the topochemical deintercalation of CaGe2. This layered van der Waals solid is analogous to multilayered graphane (CH). The surface layer of GeH only slowly oxidizes in air over the span of 5 months, while the underlying layers are resilient to oxidation based on X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements. The GeH is thermally stable up to 75 o C, however, above this temperature amorphization and dehydrogenation begin to occur. These sheets can be mechanically exfoliated as single and few layers onto SiO2/Si surfaces. This material represents a new class of covalently terminated graphane analogues and has great potential for a wide range of optoelectronic and sensing applications, especially since theory predicts a direct band gap of 1.53 eV and an electron mobility ~five times higher than that of bulk Ge.iii Acknowledgements

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Practical Chemical Sensors from Chemically Derived Graphene

Cited by 1,373 publications

References 31 publications

Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides

Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides

The Prospective Two-Dimensional Graphene Nanosheets: Preparation, Functionalization and Applications

Stability and Exfoliation of Germanane: A Germanium Graphane Analogue

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