Practical Applications in Immunohistochemistry: An Immunophenotypic Approach to the Spleen

Borch, William R; Aguilera, Nadine S.; Brissette, Mark D.; O’Malley, Dennis P.; Auerbach, Aaron

doi:10.5858/arpa.2018-0211-cp

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…The immunohistochemical staining for littoral cells usually reveals a dual differentiation pattern for both endothelial and histiocytic markers ( 109 ) ( Figure 4 , Table 5 ). Of the histiocytic markers, CD163, CD68, lysozyme, CD4, and CD11c showed very similar staining pattern with positivity rates of 100, 99.7, 99.1, 94.7, and 87.5%, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical Landscape of Littoral Cell Angioma in the Spleen Based on a Comprehensive Analysis

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2022

Front. Oncol.

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ObjectiveLittoral cell angioma (LCA) is currently considered to be a rare splenic tumor with malignant potential. As the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, treatment, and prognosis remain unclear, the clinical diagnosis and treatment of LCA have not been standardized. Hence, we performed a comprehensive analysis of 189 observational studies comprising 435 patients to improve the current status of diagnosis and treatment.MethodsPubMed, Embase, WanFang and CNKI were searched from inception to May 2021 to identify LCA studies that were published in English and Chinese. The clinical information of LCA patients were extracted and analyzed.ResultsThe LCA has a male-to-female ratio of 0.90 and a solitary-to-multiple ratio of 0.31. In terms of clinical features, 69.7% of the patients showed splenomegaly, 49.7% were asymptomatic, and 39.2% experienced epigastric discomfort. As the imaging findings of patients with LCA were nonspecific, an image-guided biopsy (10/12) was a safe and effective method for diagnosing in this condition. Notably, results of the prognostic analysis indicated that LCA has a lower risk of recurrence and metastasis. The patient may develop a stable disease or the tumor will grow but will not metastasize. Besides, the novel immunohistochemical pattern of LCA was described as CD31+/ERG+/FVIII Antigen+/CD68+/CD163+/lysozyme+/CD8−/WT1−.ConclusionLCA should be reconsidered as a benign primary splenic vascular neoplasm, which is more like an intra-splenic manifestation of abnormal body function. Image-guided biopsy with follow-up might be a beneficial choice for LCA patients. For LCA patients with abdominal discomfort, pathological uncertainty or continuous tumor enlargement, splenectomy remains the preferred treatment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CD8 is typically associated with cytotoxic T cells. Its expression by littoral cells highlights the architectural framework of the red pulp in a dendritic pattern ( 109 ). Approximately 11.7% of 93 LCA patients stained positively for CD8 ( 108 , 111 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Landscape of Littoral Cell Angioma in the Spleen Based on a Comprehensive Analysis

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2022

Front. Oncol.

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“…The human spleen's sinusoid is an unusual vessel, which is involved in the removal of damaged erythrocytes and permits the migration of leukocytes from the cords into the circulation (4). This endothelium of the sinusoids is equivalent to other endothelium in their immunoreactivity to F-8 and HLA-DR antigens (4,(19)(20)(21). The white splenic pulp, germinal center, consists of central arterioles (Figure 1 A-D), which are surrounded by lymphoid cells, the socalled periarteriolar sheath (PALS), and adjacent outpouchings of nodular lymphoid tissue (3,4,(19)(20)(21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Immunohistochemical Staining for Lymphatic and Blood Vessels in Normal Tissues: Comparison between Routinely Paraffin-Embedded Tissues and Frozen Sections

Tomita

2021

ama

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Objective. In the current study, we compared the distribution of blood and lymphatic vessels from paraffin-embedded tissues with those of frozen tissues of normal human and rhesus monkey. Materials and Methods. We performed immunocytochemical staining for lymphatic and blood vessels using LYVE-1 for lymphatic vessels and von Willebrand factor (F-8) for blood ves- sels.Results. Normal tissues included spleen, lymph node, liver, pancreas, salivary gland, colon, diaphragm, heart, lung, thyroid, adrenal gland, kidney, ovary, endometrium, and prostate. Splenic sinusoids were stained for LYVE-1 and F-8 in the frozen sections, supporting that the sinusoid is a lymphoreticular system and blood vessel in structure and function. In frozen sections, the lymphatic sinusoids were consistently positive for LYVE-1, while hepatic sinusoids were positive for LYVE-1, but not for F-8. Thus, lymphatic and blood vessels were more readily detected in frozen tissue sections than in the paraffin-embedded sections. In the endometrium, lymphatic vessels were not diffusely immunostained in paraffin-embedded sections. However, frozen sections detected cyclic changes of lymphatic vessels, growing from basalis to functionalis in the menstrual cycle. Lymphatic vessels were immunostained in many organs using frozen sections. Small pulmonary blood vessels were not immunostained by F-8 in the periphery of the bronchial vessel tree most likely these smallest blood vessels were not immunostained due to less F-8 attached to their endothelia. Conclusion. The present findings illustrate the differences in the immunostaining of blood vessels in sections obtained from paraffin-embedded tissues and those from frozen tissue. These new findings may be relevant for the basic histology and histopathology of lymphatic and blood vessels.

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“…In contrast, splenosis will reveal classic splenic tissue configuration, with evidence of both red and white pulp. Additional immunohisto-chemical and phenotypic studies can be performed to further define these disease processes, including immunostains for CD2, CD3, CD8, and CD20 [28], and in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) [19]. Even still, there may be a histopathological overlap, as both splenosis and PTLD samples may stain positive for CD20, and not all cases of PTLD will be EBER-positive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Challenge in Renal Transplantation: Splenosis vs. Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder—A Case Report

Sanders,

Galvez,

Lin

et al. 2023

Transplantology

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Splenosis is a benign, acquired condition characterized by the auto-implantation of focal deposits of splenic tissue throughout the peritoneal cavity, most commonly occurring after splenic injury and/or splenectomy. Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD) is a well-known complication of solid organ transplantation that results from unregulated B-cell proliferation due to chronic immunosuppression. Given their clinical and radiologic similarities, these two entities may pose a diagnostic dilemma in select solid-organ transplant recipients. We present the case of a 54-year-old kidney-transplant recipient presenting with abdominal pain and found to have a retroperitoneal soft-tissue mass concerning for PTLD. He underwent a CT-guided biopsy of the mass, and histopathological studies revealed lymphoid tissue consistent with splenic tissue, thus ruling out PTLD. The patient subsequently underwent symptomatic management, with the eventual resolution of his symptoms. The early diagnosis of PTLD is paramount, as prompt intervention has a substantial impact on the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. Additionally, the diagnosis of splenosis in the setting of a retroperitoneal mass is critical in order to avoid invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that may result in significant complications. A detailed surgical history, including prior splenic trauma and/or splenectomy, should raise clinical suspicion for splenosis and guide further diagnostic and therapeutic decision making.

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Practical Applications in Immunohistochemistry: An Immunophenotypic Approach to the Spleen

Cited by 7 publications

References 37 publications

Clinical Landscape of Littoral Cell Angioma in the Spleen Based on a Comprehensive Analysis

Clinical Landscape of Littoral Cell Angioma in the Spleen Based on a Comprehensive Analysis

Immunohistochemical Staining for Lymphatic and Blood Vessels in Normal Tissues: Comparison between Routinely Paraffin-Embedded Tissues and Frozen Sections

Diagnostic Challenge in Renal Transplantation: Splenosis vs. Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder—A Case Report

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