PPARγ in Atherosclerotic Endothelial Dysfunction: Regulatory Compounds and PTMs

Abstract

The formation of atherosclerotic plaques is one of the main sources of cardiovascular disease. In addition to known risk factors such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, endothelial dysfunction has been shown to play a key role in the formation and progression of atherosclerosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), a transcription factor belonging to the steroid superfamily, is expressed in the aorta and plays a critical role in protecting endothelial function. It thereby serves as a target for treating both diabetes and atherosclerosis. Although many studies have examined endothelial cell disorders in atherosclerosis, the role of PPARγ in endothelial dysfunction is still not well understood. In this review, we summarize the possible mechanisms of action behind PPARγ regulatory compounds and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PPARγ in the control of endothelial function. We also explore the potential use of endothelial PPARγ-targeted agents in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.

The Effect and Mechanism of Oleanolic Acid in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome and Related Cardiovascular Diseases

“…PPARγ is considered a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates the glycolipid metabolism, and adiponectin promotes fatty acid biosynthesis and inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis [ 136 ]. OA could reduce lipids and enhance high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) by increasing PPARγ and adiponectin Receptor 1 (AdipoR1) Levels, decreasing AdopoR2 levels [ 137 ].…”