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Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater of Bhaktapur Municipality, Nepal

“…The Bhaktapur Municipality is located in the weak geological structure having number of fault lines, with low bearing capacity and loose soil structure as physical limitations (Chapagain et al 2010;Shrestha et al 1999). The basement of the district is formed by Precambrian to Devonian rock which are intensely folded, faulted and fractured igneous and meta-sedimentary rocks and overlain by Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine deposit with the thickness of 550-600 m (Chapagain et al 2010).…”

“…Fault lines are spread around the municipality which possesses limitation for construction, making most of the settlement area vulnerable. The soil found in and around the municipality is suitable for crop cultivation Environ Earth Sci (Shrestha et al 1999). In the study area, sticky clay constitutes top soil along with fine and coarse sand followed by clay with pebbles, cobbles and boulders over consolidated hard rocks of quartzite, basalt, granite, etc.…”

“…Most of the hydrogeochemical studies of groundwater are focused in the Terai region of Nepal (Bhattacharya et al 2003;Diwakar et al 2014;Gurung et al 2005;Khadka et al 2004;Shrestha and Shrestha 2004;Williams et al 2004). Less attention has been given to the hydrogeochemical studies of groundwater in the Bhaktapur district.…”

An integrated GIS based fuzzy pattern recognition model to compute groundwater vulnerability index for decision making

“…The basin fill sediments of Kathmandu Valley are mainly divided into two formations; Quaternary and Plio-pleistocene formation, each with different lithologic, geotechnical properties (Shrestha et al, 1999). Based on the engineering and environmental geological map of Kathmandu Valley (Shrestha et al, 1998), the geological setting of Kathmandu Valley with different formations is shown in Fig. 3.…”

“…The shallow aquifer of the valley is recharged mainly by direct infiltration from precipitation therefore net recharge was estimated by using following formula: The aquifer media map was developed based on various sources regarding groundwater basin and geological formation map of Kathmandu (Shrestha et al, 1998;JICA, 1990;Jha et al, 1997). Rating value was assigned based on DRASTIC method.…”