Powering the 21st century by wind energy—Options, facts, figures

Rohrig, Kurt; Berkhout, Volker; Callies, Doron; Durstewitz, Michael; Faulstich, Stefan; Hahn, B.; Jung, Marco; Pauscher, Lukas; Seibel, Axel; Shan, Martin; Siefert, Malte; Steffen, Jonas; Collmann, Mareike; Czichon, Steffen; Dörenkämper, Martin; Gottschall, Julia; Lange, Bernhard; Ruhle, A.; Sayer, F. P.; Stoevesandt, Bernhard; Wenske, Jan

doi:10.1063/1.5089877

Cited by 56 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 299 publications

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“…Local wind systems like the Mistral, the Bora, and the flow through the Strait of Gibraltar (Levante and Poniente) are clearly visible. Due to the limited resolution, some of these flows are not fully resolved in commonly used reanalysis datasets like ERA5 (Hersbach and Dick, 2016) and CFSRv2 (Saha et al, 2014) or MERRA2 (Gelaro et al, 2017) (not shown here). The inset figures in Fig.…”

Section: Adjustments To Wrf-wasp Downscaling Used For Evaluation Agaimentioning

confidence: 95%

The Making of the New European Wind Atlas – Part 2: Production and evaluation

et al. 2020

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Abstract. This is the second of two papers that document the creation of the New European Wind Atlas (NEWA). In Part 1, we described the sensitivity experiments and accompanying evaluation done to arrive at the final mesoscale model setup used to produce the mesoscale wind atlas. In this paper, Part 2, we document how we made the final wind atlas product, covering both the production of the mesoscale climatology generated with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the microscale climatology generated with the Wind Atlas Analysis and Applications Program (WAsP). The paper includes a detailed description of the technical and practical aspects that went into running the mesoscale simulations and the downscaling using WAsP. We show the main results from the final wind atlas and present a comprehensive evaluation of each component of the NEWA model chain using observations from a large set of tall masts located all over Europe. The added value of the WRF and WAsP downscaling of wind climatologies is evaluated relative to the performance of the driving ERA5 reanalysis and shows that the WRF downscaling reduces the mean wind speed bias and spread relative to that of ERA5 from -1.50±1.30 to 0.02±0.78 m s−1. The WAsP downscaling has an added positive impact relative to that of the WRF model in simple terrain. In complex terrain, where the assumptions of the linearized flow model break down, both the mean bias and spread in wind speed are worse than those from the raw mesoscale results.

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Section: Adjustments To Wrf-wasp Downscaling Used For Evaluation Agaimentioning

confidence: 95%

The Making of the New European Wind Atlas – Part 2: Production and evaluation

et al. 2020

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“…The importance of wind energy in the energy supply of the future will increase in coming years while costs for WTs steadily fall [1]. One driver for WT costs is the reliability.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulative investigation of wind turbine gearbox loads during power converter fault

Röder

Jacobs

Duda

et al. 2021

Forsch Ingenieurwes

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Three phase short circuit power converter faults in wind turbines (WT) result in highly dynamic generator torque reversals, which lead to load reversals within the drivetrain. Dynamic load reversals in combination with changing rotational speeds are, for example, critical for smearing within roller bearings. Therefore, an investigation of the correlation between three phase short circuit converter faults and drivetrain component failures is necessary.Due to the risk of damage and the resulting costs, it is not economically feasible to extensively investigate three phase short circuit converter faults on test benches. Valid WT drivetrain models can be used instead. A WT drivetrain model, which has been developed and validated in a national project at the CWD, is used and a three phase short circuit converter fault is implemented. In this paper, the resulting torque load on the drivetrain for a three phase short circuit converter fault in rated power production is presented. This converter fault leads to a highly dynamic reversing electromagnetic torque which exceeds the rated torque by a factor of three. As a result the load on the rotor side high speed shaft (HSS) bearing oscillates and increases by around 15 per cent compared to rated power production. Simultaneously the rotational velocity of the HSS oscillates with an amplitude of 10 rpm. Therefore an increase in the risk of smearing is expected.

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“…Wind turbine technology converged in the mid-1980's to a dominant three-blade and horizontal axis design [75]. Since then, new turbine technology has largely been characterized by improved efficiencies through increased turbine hub height and larger rotor diameters, enabling plants to access higher sustained winds more efficiently [76]. Figure 7 displays growing tower heights and cost reductions since the early 1980's.…”

Section: Research and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Policy and market drivers for advancing clean energy

Dahlke¹,

Sterling

Meehan

2021

Advances in Clean Energy Technologies

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This chapter reviews important policies and market trends shaping the global development of clean energy technologies. Stimulus policies in the form of feed-in tariffs, tax relief, and renewable portfolio standards along with substantial research & development enabled clean energy projects to overcome early commercialization barriers. As a result, clean energy project costs are now competitive with or lower than conventional fossil fuels in most markets around the world. Policymakers and energy consumers are responding by increasing clean energy targets to high levels approaching 100% in a growing number of jurisdictions. Business models are adapting to this new environment and energy market structures are evolving to enable successful operations of high renewable energy systems. Markets structures, policies, and technologies that enhance system flexibility for efficient renewable energy integration represent the most promising future area of research in this field.

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Powering the 21st century by wind energy—Options, facts, figures

Cited by 56 publications

References 299 publications

The Making of the New European Wind Atlas – Part 2: Production and evaluation

The Making of the New European Wind Atlas – Part 2: Production and evaluation

Simulative investigation of wind turbine gearbox loads during power converter fault

Policy and market drivers for advancing clean energy

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