Powering Solutions for Biomedical Sensors and Implants Inside the Human Body: A Comprehensive Review on Energy Harvesting Units, Energy Storage, and Wireless Power Transfer Techniques

Roy, Sourov; Azad, Ahmed; Baidya, Somen; Alam, Mohsin; Khan, Faisal

doi:10.1109/tpel.2022.3164890

Cited by 87 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 153 publications

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“…Secondly, earlier studies have indicated that plantar flexion produces a significant increase in venous return (Broderick et al 2014;Laverick et al 1990), which is equal to the degree of venous blood flow produced by IPC devices that are clinically used to prevent VTE in immobilized patients (Anderson et al 2019;Kakkos et al 2016;Pavon et al 2016;Praxitelous et al 2018;Urbankova et al 2005). One major benefit of the NMES technique over IPC is that it utilizes a form of energy harvesting that reduces the external energy required for the system to induce a plantar flexion (Roy et al 2022). The energy required to induce a plantar flexion, roughly estimated to be 200 mJ, is significantly more than the maximum energy input from the NMES stimulation registered in this study of 21.2 mJ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in garments optimized for compliance

et al. 2023

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Purpose Physical inactivity is associated with muscle atrophy and venous thromboembolism, which may be prevented by neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). This study aimed to investigate the effect on discomfort, current amplitude and energy consumption when varying the frequency and phase duration of low-intensity NMES (LI-NMES) via a sock with knitting-integrated transverse textile electrodes (TTE). Methods On eleven healthy participants (four females), calf-NMES via a TTE sock was applied with increasing intensity (mA) until ankle-plantar flexion at which point outcomes were compared when testing frequencies 1, 3, 10 and 36 Hz and phase durations 75, 150, 200, 300 and 400 µs. Discomfort was assessed with a numerical rating scale (NRS, 0–10) and energy consumption was calculated and expressed in milli-Joule (mJ). Significance set to p ≤ 0.05. Results 1 Hz yielded a median (inter-quartile range) NRS of 2.4 (1.0–3.4), significantly lower than both 3 Hz with NRS 2.8 (1.8–4.2), and 10 Hz with NRS 3.4 (1.4–5.4) (both p ≤ .014). Each increase in tested frequency resulted in significantly higher energy consumption, e.g. 0.6 mJ (0.5–0.8) for 1 Hz vs 14.9 mJ (12.3–21.2) for 36 Hz (p = .003). Longer phase durations had no significant effect on discomfort despite generally requiring significantly lower current amplitudes. Phase durations 150, 200 and 400 µs required significantly lower energy consumption compared to 75 µs (all p ≤ .037). Conclusion LI-NMES applied via a TTE sock produces a relevant plantar flexion of the ankle with the best comfort and lowest energy consumption using 1 Hz and phase durations 150, 200 or 400 µs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in garments optimized for compliance

et al. 2023

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“…At f = f res ≊ 52 GHz where |L i | is larger than at all other resonant frequencies, the maximum radiation across all angles reaches nearly 4.2×10 5 (A/m) 2 , and the total radiation reaches its maximum value of nearly 3.5 × 10 6 (A/m) 2 . Such results may contribute to assessment of the solenoid's electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), e.g., radiated emissions [31].…”

Section: Computational Complexitymentioning

confidence: 88%

Analytical Model of the Canonical 3D Helical Solenoid, for Efficient Computation of the Dynamic Electromagnetic Fields in Near- and Far-Field Regions, Complex Inductance, and Radiation Resistance

Zadehgol¹

2023

Preprint

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The recent work in [1] presented a novel analytical model for estimating the 3-dimensional (3D) magneto quasi-static (MQS) fields of the cylindrical solenoid with helical wire winding, using the \textit{static} Green's function and relying on the \textit{Schur} vector product of the electric current source vector and its tangent. In this work, we use the \textit{dynamic} Green's function to extend the model in [1] resulting in a frequency-dependent magnetic vector potential $\vec{A}(\omega)$. We derive expressions for efficient computation of all cylindrical components of the magnetic flux density vector $\vec{B}(\omega)$ as a function of the solenoid's geometric and material parameters. $\vec{A}(\omega)$ may be used to efficiently compute the frequency-dependent flux linkage $\Psi(\omega)$, the complex inductance $L(\omega)$, and the radiation patterns of the solenoid anywhere in 3D space including both near-field and far-field regions, excluding the (source) regions of conducting wire. Additionally, we propose the complex calibration coefficient $\chi(\omega)$ to account for the finite-radius conductor. Several numerical examples are provided to validate the proposed helical model against the superposition of circular loops. The proposed model is demonstrated across a wide spectrum from 60 Hz to 70 GHz, representing a wide range of applications that include low-frequency power systems to high-frequency mm-wave communication systems.

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“…Textile-based FTEGs may thus be utilized to support the functioning of small electronic devices, such as sensors and implantable medical devices (IMDs), such as cochlear implants, drug pumps, neurostimulators, muscle stimulators, and pacemakers. These gadgets only need a few microwatts to milliwatts of power to operate [ 151 , 152 , 153 ]. Since the introduction of the first implantable medical device in 1972, IMDs have been extensively utilized for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy [ 154 ].…”

Section: Potential Biomedical Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semiconductor Multimaterial Optical Fibers for Biomedical Applications

et al. 2022

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Integrated sensors and transmitters of a wide variety of human physiological indicators have recently emerged in the form of multimaterial optical fibers. The methods utilized in the manufacture of optical fibers facilitate the use of a wide range of functional elements in microscale optical fibers with an extensive variety of structures. This article presents an overview and review of semiconductor multimaterial optical fibers, their fabrication and postprocessing techniques, different geometries, and integration in devices that can be further utilized in biomedical applications. Semiconductor optical fiber sensors and fiber lasers for body temperature regulation, in vivo detection, volatile organic compound detection, and medical surgery will be discussed.

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Powering Solutions for Biomedical Sensors and Implants Inside the Human Body: A Comprehensive Review on Energy Harvesting Units, Energy Storage, and Wireless Power Transfer Techniques

Cited by 87 publications

References 153 publications

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in garments optimized for compliance

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in garments optimized for compliance

Analytical Model of the Canonical 3D Helical Solenoid, for Efficient Computation of the Dynamic Electromagnetic Fields in Near- and Far-Field Regions, Complex Inductance, and Radiation Resistance

Semiconductor Multimaterial Optical Fibers for Biomedical Applications

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