Power to Gas projects review: Lab, pilot and demo plants for storing renewable energy and CO2

Abstract

Power to Gas (PtG) processes have appeared in the last years as a long-term solution for renewable electricity surplus storage through methane production. These promising techniques will play a significant role in the future energy storage scenario since it addresses two crucial issues: electrical grid stability in scenarios with high share of renewable sources and decarbonisation of high energy density fuels for transportation. There are a large number of pathways for the transformation of energy from renewable sources into gaseous or liquid fuels through the combination with residual carbon dioxide. The high energy density of these synthetic fuels allows a share of the original renewable energy to be transported and stored in the long-term. The first objective of this review is to thoroughly gather and classify all these energy storage techniques to define in a clear manner the framework which includes the Power to Gas technologies. Once the boundaries of these PtG processes have been evidenced, the second objective of the work is to detail worldwide existing projects which deal with this technology. Basic information such as main objectives, location and launching date is presented together with a qualitative description of the plant, technical data, funding source/budget and project partners. A timeline has been built for every project to be able of tracking the evolution of research lines of different companies and institutions.

A review of marine renewable energy storage

“…Besides the analogous topographical requirements with underground natural gas storage and underground compressed air energy storage, additional considerations must be given to hydrogen's unique physical and chemical properties . Thus, given the maturity of natural gas storage/applications technologies and infrastructures, Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) storage may be considered as an alternative to HES by combining the hydrogen production and carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) …”

Entwicklung des Katalysatorbetts in einem Flachbettreaktor zur CO2‐Methanisierung

“…Dies entspricht einer Raumgeschwindigkeit von 932 h −1 in Bezug auf das Katalysatorbett. Häufig werden größere Raumgeschwindigkeiten für die CO 2 ‐Methanisierung veröffentlicht , . Sie werden jedoch mit geringeren CO 2 ‐Umsätzen und höheren Prozesstemperaturen und ‐drücken erzielt.…”

Transition of Future Energy System Infrastructure; through Power-to-Gas Pathways

“…However, the clear benefit of renewable methane is that there are no limitations on the amount of blending into the natural gas distribution system and moreover, there is a carbon capture step that converts the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into renewable natural gas (RNG) [64]. This alternative can even be complimentary with the first pathway in which hydrogen can be injected to the natural gas pipeline up to the allowable limit and the remaining hydrogen can be converted to methane via methanation [65]. This process can occur inside a chemical reactor, biological reactor, or by natural methanation in underground storage.…”