“…Most stability events involving IBRs have been local in nature where a stability problem can be characterized as an unstable interaction between two systems-for example, interaction of a wind or PV power plant with the grid at its terminal because of low short-circuit strength of the grid or the presence of a series-compensated transmission line (ERCOT resonance event in the US, Adams et al, 2012; UK 2019 event NGET, 2019); an offshore wind power plant forming an unstable resonance with the offshore HVDC converter station (BorWin1, Germany, Buchhagen et al, 2015); and an HVDC converter or a STATCOM oscillating against the ac network at its terminal (China, Xie et al, 2017). Dynamic stability events involving wider network and numerous IBRs, however, are becoming more common because of ever increasing levels of IBRs and reduction in the grid stiffness due to the displacement of synchronous generators (Badrzadeh, et al, 2021;ERCOT, 2018;Shah et al, 2021b). See Sections 7.3.3 and 7.6 for studies towards 100% IBR systems.…”