Power Spectrum Analysis of Climatological Data for Woodstock College, Maryland

Landsberg, H. E.; Mitchell, J. Murray; Crutcher, Harold L.

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1959)087<0283:psaocd>2.0.co;2

Cited by 33 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…1). These conditions were continued for four consecutive days to simulate the passage of a warm weather front, which, in eastern North America, normally requires 3–7 days to transit a given locality (Landsberg et al. , 1959).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive value in a complex life cycle: heat tolerance of the pitcher‐plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

Zani

Cohnstaedt

Corbin

et al. 2005

J of Evolutionary Biology

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Because mortality accumulates with age, Fisher proposed that the strength of selection acting on survival should increase from birth up to the age of first reproduction. Hamilton later theorized that the strength of selection acting on survival should not change from birth to age at first reproduction. As organisms in nature do not live in uniform environments but, rather, experience periodic stress, we hypothesized that resistance to environmental stress should increase (Fisher) or remain constant (Hamilton) from birth to age at first reproduction. Using the pitcher‐plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, we imposed heat stress by simulating the passage of a warm‐weather front at different preadult and adult stages. Contrary to either Fisher or Hamilton, stress tolerance declined from embryos to larvae to pupae to adults. Consequently, reproductive value appears to have been of little consequence in the evolution of stage‐specific tolerance of heat stress in W. smithii.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive value in a complex life cycle: heat tolerance of the pitcher‐plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

Zani

Cohnstaedt

Corbin

et al. 2005

J of Evolutionary Biology

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“…Duration of exposure to stress.-In eastern North America, a typical weather front requires 3-7 days to transit a given locality (Landsberg et al 1959). To mimic the occurrence of extreme weather events, we there-fore imposed thermal stress for a four-day period.…”

Section: Experimental Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic Variation in Tolerance of Transient Thermal Stress in the Mosquito Wyeomyia Smithii

Zani

Swanson

Corbin

et al. 2005

Ecology

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Environmental temperature can modify not only rates of ectotherm growth, development, and reproduction, but also, at the extremes, temperature can limit survivorship and ultimately fitness. We studied ectotherm populations from a latitudinal gradient to understand how alterations in the thermal environment (e.g., rapid climate change) may affect the persistence of populations experiencing stress-induced mortality. Populations of the mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, from 30-50Њ N in North America were subjected to heat and cold stress based on observed field temperatures during the simulated passage of a typical 4-5 d warm-or cold-weather front. Cold but not heat tolerance corresponded to latitude of origin, reflecting previously observed patterns in year-long fitness. Both heat and cold stress resulted in an average of 44% mortality relative to unstressed controls but did not result in a significant loss of fitness (R 0 ) at the population level. We conclude that individuals most likely to survive during periods of stress are also the individuals most likely to make the greatest contribution to the next generation in the absence of stress. Since individual survivorship must, at some level, become limiting to population viability, these results imply that apparently viable populations may be pushed rapidly to extinction by a small increment in environmental stress.

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“…The amplitudes of temperature change vary along the time axis. Figure 1 identifies schematically high amplitudes in five parts of the time axis: (1) period one day, due to axial rotation; (2) period one year, due to orbital revolution; ( 3 ) period approximately lo4 to lo5 years, due to the alternation of glacial and interglacial ages within the Quarternary period; (4) period of the order of los years, the approximate interval between glacial periods in geological time; (5) period 4.5 billion years, due to the aging of the earth.…”

Section: The Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, methods of power spectrum analysis are available for evaluating amplitudes of change. 2 Within the period of availability of climatological data these methods might detect other high-amplitude changes generated by the microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale circulation systems, by the incidence of sunspots, or by similar periodic events. Likewise, such long-term changes as the precession of the equinoxes (period 21,000 years), the variation in the obliquity of the ecliptic (period 41,000 years), and the variation in the eccentricity of the orbit (period 96,000 years) might also generate high-amplitude temperature changes.…”

Section: The Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Time and Temperature: A Model of Temporal Interrelationships

Catchpole¹

1972

Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes

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Nothing puzzles me more than time and space; and yet nothing troubles me less, as 1 never think about them." (Charles Lamb, 1810) WE CAN HARDLY ACCUSE the climatologist of not thinking about time but he must certainly admit to being deeply puzzled by it. Many of the changes within the atmosphere happen so quickly or so slowly that he can neither perceive them nor measure them and he is inclined to dismiss these events as "long-term departures from the normal" or "irregular short-term fluctuations."l These attitudes tempt the regional climatologist to retire into a world in which all that is really siyificant hsts no more than 30 years and no less than a few hours. His instruments, observational procedures, and descriptive models are usually designed to detect only the changes occurring within these limits. Time is, however, a continuum and any limits which wc impose upon it are arbitrary. This paper presents a descriptive time-scale which looks beyond these arbitrary limits to emphasize the continuity of climatological events and relationships in time. Such disparate topics as the amplitude, perception, measurement, or estimation and cause of change are accommodated and interrelated within the scale. Although for the sake of simplification the scale is developed only for temperature, it can be readily adapted to incorporate other elements. THE SCALEThe upper limit of the time-scale is fixed by the age of the earth and the lower limit is arbitrarily fixed at one second ( Figure 1 ) . Between these limits the time axis is calibrated in powers of 10 seconds. Each point along this axis represents the period of a temperature change. Certain of these points are related to very familiar changes such as those due to the axial rotation and orbital revolution of the earth. The amplitudes of temperature change vary along the time axis. Figure 1 identifies schematically high amplitudes in five parts of the time axis: (1) period one day, due to axial rotation; (2) period one year, due to orbital revolution; ( 3 ) period approximately lo4 to lo5 years, due to the alternation of glacial and interglacial ages within the Quarternary period; (4) period of the order of los years, the approximate interval between glacial periods in geological time; (5) period 4.5 billion years, due to the aging of the earth.There has been no attempt to evaluate amplitudes of change in Figure 1 because their magnitudes are subject to considerable spatial variation. However, methods of power spectrum analysis are available for evaluating amplitudes of change.2 Within the period of availability of climatological data these methods might detect 365 CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER, XVI, 4, 1972

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Power Spectrum Analysis of Climatological Data for Woodstock College, Maryland

Cited by 33 publications

References 0 publications

Reproductive value in a complex life cycle: heat tolerance of the pitcher‐plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

Reproductive value in a complex life cycle: heat tolerance of the pitcher‐plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

Geographic Variation in Tolerance of Transient Thermal Stress in the Mosquito Wyeomyia Smithii

Time and Temperature: A Model of Temporal Interrelationships

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