“…Therefore, we compared long-term effects of pain in children born at ELGA compared to those born at VLGA. The spectral structure of cortical oscillations, expressed in power ratios among oscillations in different frequency ranges, develops throughout childhood [8,28] and is altered in at-risk children [1,9,34]. Young adults born at extremely low birth weight display an atypical ratio of low- to high-frequency power in resting brain rhythms [43], likely reflecting the development of functional brain activity as alpha- and gamma-band oscillations, which are understood to play reciprocal roles in cognition and perception [12,15,22,26, 29,30,39,51].…”