Power requirements and environmental impact of a pedelec. A case study based on real-life applications

Are Personal Electric Vehicles Sustainable? A Hybrid E-Bike Case Study

“…High: Up to tens of thousands € Medium: Hundreds to thousands of € * Low to medium: Hundreds of € * * According to estimations; ** dependent on charger and battery type; 1 according to references [2,17,19,20], based on average values for the sum of main pollutants: CO (carbon monoxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOC (volatile organic compounds), and PM10 (particulate matter that have 10 micrograms per cubic meter or less in diameter); 2 according to reference [28]; 3 according to references [29,30]; 4 according to reference [26], based on average values for car/bus and e-bike, up to 5 km; 5 according to reference [21], based on average values; 6 according to references [31,32]; 7 according to reference [25]; 8 according to reference [33].…”

“…Performance is rather a complex task to quantify, as it comprises of various facets. Many studies have tried to cover a least a part of these facets, such as dynamic performance (speed, power, range and acceleration, according to local regulations, see Table 1) [17,21,31], energy consumption analysis (stored vs. used energy, autonomy, charging time, storage characteristics, see Tables 2 and 3) [21,25,26,33], functional performance (energy efficiency, temperature domain and other environmental parameters, route optimization, and minimizing daily accelerations and braking) [25,26], and sustainability (cyclability/durability that affects life span, state of charge characteristics) [29,34]. Most of these facets area direct result of the constraints on the design of EVs [35].…”

“…Even if the design is simplified, its implementation is not that simple due the performance constraints discussed previously, which can become difficult to comply with. 288,000 4 -* E-cars and small e-scooters are excluded, ** according to estimations, 1 according to Reference [21] for Well-to-Wheel (WTW) analysis, 2 according to Reference [17] for test scenarios in Italy, 3 according to Reference [23] for the models used, lead losses are considered for a recycle rate from 100 to 90%, 4 according to Reference [37], 5 according to Reference [38], PKT is passenger occupancy-km-traveled, 6 according to Reference [18] for test scenarios in Switzerland, 7 according to Reference [39], 8 according to Reference [40], 9 according to Reference [25], 10 according to Reference [41]. * E-cars and small e-scooters are excluded, 1 according to reference [17] for test scenarios in Italy, 2 according to reference [23] for the models used, lead losses are considered for a recycle rate from 100 to 90%, 3 according to reference [33], 4 according to reference [39], 5 according to reference [25], 6 according to reference [41].…”

“…288,000 4 -* E-cars and small e-scooters are excluded, ** according to estimations, 1 according to Reference [21] for Well-to-Wheel (WTW) analysis, 2 according to Reference [17] for test scenarios in Italy, 3 according to Reference [23] for the models used, lead losses are considered for a recycle rate from 100 to 90%, 4 according to Reference [37], 5 according to Reference [38], PKT is passenger occupancy-km-traveled, 6 according to Reference [18] for test scenarios in Switzerland, 7 according to Reference [39], 8 according to Reference [40], 9 according to Reference [25], 10 according to Reference [41]. * E-cars and small e-scooters are excluded, 1 according to reference [17] for test scenarios in Italy, 2 according to reference [23] for the models used, lead losses are considered for a recycle rate from 100 to 90%, 3 according to reference [33], 4 according to reference [39], 5 according to reference [25], 6 according to reference [41]. Solid waste -0-1 2 0-1.5 2 0-0.17 2 * E-cars and small e-scooters are excluded, 1 according to reference [17] for test scenarios in Italy, 2 according to reference [23] for the models used, lead losses are considered for a recycle rate from 100 to 90%, 3 according to reference [33], 4 according to reference [39], 5 according to reference [25], 6 according to reference [41].…”

“…Unfortunately, the current development of vehicles can have a damaging effect on the environment [16]. Air pollution caused by different classes of vehicles is discussed in references [17][18][19][20]. In order to reduce the effects of pollution and the dependence on oil, electric vehicles (EVs) should replace conventional cars (diesel and gasoline) in the future [21,22].…”