Power optimized battery swap and recharge strategies for electric aircraft operations

Justin, Cedric Y.; Payan, Alexia P.; Briceño, Simon I.; German, Brian; Mavris, Dimitri N.

doi:10.1016/j.trc.2020.02.027

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, charging is more easily implemented and the difficulties of defining battery pack standards in particular for mixed eVTOL aircraft fleets are unknown. Some studies considered the novel idea of battery swapping [98,147] and vehicle manufacturers such as Volocopter consider this approach for their vehicle design [148,149]. Further inspirations might be drawn from battery swapping in automotive applications [150,151].…”

Section: Turnaround At Gate: Boarding and Chargingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Air Mobility: Systematic Review of Scientific Publications and Regulations for Vertiport Design and Operations

Schweiger

Preis

2022

Drones

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Novel electric aircraft designs coupled with intense efforts from academia, government and industry led to a paradigm shift in urban transportation by introducing UAM. While UAM promises to introduce a new mode of transport, it depends on ground infrastructure to operate safely and efficiently in a highly constrained urban environment. Due to its novelty, the research of UAM ground infrastructure is widely scattered. Therefore, this paper selects, categorizes and summarizes existing literature in a systematic fashion and strives to support the harmonization process of contributions made by industry, research and regulatory authorities. Through a document term matrix approach, we identified 49 Scopus-listed scientific publications (2016–2021) addressing the topic of UAM ground infrastructure with respect to airspace operation followed by design, location and network, throughput and capacity, ground operations, cost, safety, regulation, weather and lastly noise and security. Last listed topics from cost onwards appear to be substantially under-represented, but will be influencing current developments and challenges. This manuscript further presents regulatory considerations (Europe, U.S., international) and introduces additional noteworthy scientific publications and industry contributions. Initial uncertainties in naming UAM ground infrastructure seem to be overcome; vertiport is now being predominantly used when speaking about vertical take-off and landing UAM operations.

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Section: Turnaround At Gate: Boarding and Chargingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Air Mobility: Systematic Review of Scientific Publications and Regulations for Vertiport Design and Operations

Schweiger

Preis

2022

Drones

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“…After the time 𝑇 spent on battery swapping, the depleted batteries entering the airport are divided into two groups: direct charge group 𝑛 , , and waiting for charge group 𝑛 , . The charging and waiting batteries could be calculated as constraints (11) and ( 12), 𝑛 , is the number of batteries transferring from waiting to charging state at time t. The number of fully charged batteries is calculated by sum up the number of fully charged batteries and minus the depleted (swapped) batteries ∑ 𝑛 , . Due to the repetitive operation pattern of daily airport battery swapping process, the number of batteries with SoC in each state are equal between the beginning and end of the day, formulated as (13)(14)(15).…”

Section: Battery Swap State Flow Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An electric vehicle transportation network routing problem is presented with battery swapping stations located in the city [10]. Battery swap is adopted to recharge a fleet of electric commuter aircraft aiming to minimize the operation costs and charging infrastructure expenditures [11]. The battery swap process is formulated with a state flow model and to assess the operation cost of the battery swap station [12][13] [14].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aviation-to-Grid Flexibility Through Electric Aircraft Charging

Guo

Zhang

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf.

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This paper proposes a new concept of Aviation-to-Grid (A2G) that utilises electric aircraft (EA) charging to provide flexibility to the power grid. Smart EA charging system with battery swap method is developed using Photovoltaics (PV), gas turbine, and grid electricity. Hourly energy dispatch strategy is produced based on the mixed integer linear programming method to meet electrified aviation charging demand and provide A2G frequency response to the power grid. Case studies are conducted in 8 major UK airports considering seasonal flight schedules and power system operation scenarios. Results show that the EA charging system can provide effective primary and secondary frequency response to improve the frequency nadir by 0.2 -0.3 Hz under grid disturbance. The total A2G frequency response capacity across the 8 UK airports can reach 900 -1,200 MW overnight and 300 -900 MW daytime in summer, and 1,100 -1,300 MW overnight and 200 -700 MW daytime in winter. The annual A2G frequency response revenue is estimated to be £46.58 million, which can cover 19.8% to 30% of EA charging costs.

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“…Recently, an approach that shares many elements with the present one has been published [29]. Instead of using a MILP formulation, scheduling theory is employed to solve a similar problem.…”

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Sizing and Operation of Airport Infrastructures in Support of Electric-Powered Aviation

et al. 2021

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The adoption of hybrid-electric aircraft is expected to have a considerable impact on airport operations, with the need of new infrastructural requirements to support electric-powered fleets. In particular, battery-charging requirements shall play a decisive role. Preliminary investigations useful to perform scenario studies for the future implementation of electric-powered aviation can take advantage of the ARES methodology presented here, which provides the optimal solution to the sizing of airport battery recharging infrastructures. Based on the flight schedule and on the specifications of the aircraft fleet and the charging equipment, the solution assesses the number and type of charging points, the related electrical consumption in terms of energy and power, and further information needed to guarantee the required operational level while minimizing the procurement and operating costs. The method allows considering and comparing two charging strategies: plug-in recharge and battery swapping. Energy price variation in time is also taken into account and a full description of the optimal time scheduling of recharging operations is provided. Application studies to the reconfiguration of two existing aerodromes, a General Aviation airport and a large regional hub, are discussed, showing the potential of the proposed approach.

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Power optimized battery swap and recharge strategies for electric aircraft operations

Cited by 29 publications

References 44 publications

Urban Air Mobility: Systematic Review of Scientific Publications and Regulations for Vertiport Design and Operations

Urban Air Mobility: Systematic Review of Scientific Publications and Regulations for Vertiport Design and Operations

Aviation-to-Grid Flexibility Through Electric Aircraft Charging

Optimal Sizing and Operation of Airport Infrastructures in Support of Electric-Powered Aviation

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